Wikang Filipino free essay sample

In the Philippines poverty and pervasive malnutrition are not limited to families of deprived seasonal workers. Undernourishment is endemic and increasing throughout most of this archipelago of some 7100 islands, and is compounded by the prevalence of intestinal parasites and gastrointestinal diseases which health workers estimate deprive youngsters of at least 5-10% of the nutritional value in food they do consume. This problem is particularly prevalent in rural villages and city slums where many people eat with their fingers. According to the Philippine Ministry of Health, nearly 1/2 of all reported deaths are among infants and children through age 4, and about 1/2 of the accelerated death rate among those age 5 and younger is related to malnutrition, compounded by diarrhea, measles, and malaria which is returning to areas where it once was almost eradicated. 3 factors critically affect a newborns survival prospects: the family size he or she is born into; the time or spacing between the mothers pregnancies; and the childs birth order. We will write a custom essay sample on Wikang Filipino or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Evidence indicates that, during the 1970s, as US aid and other family planning assistance became available, they were used most among families in the 2 highest income classes, where reduction of family size is under way. Poverty is the most fundamental cause of malnutrition, although many other factors contribute. Land reform has brought security of tenure and increasingly is transferring ownership of fields to former tenants of rice and corn lands. For the former tenants enhanced security brings greater income and better eating for the farm families retain more of the crop. The undernourished and truly poor of the Philippines number about 1/2 of the population. Although dispersed throughout most of the archipelago, there are important regional differences. These related to marked geographic patterns that affect fertility of the soil, length of the dry season, fortunes of predominant crops, vulnerability to destructive typhoons, chronic warfare and other endemic lawlessness, major debilitating diseases, and especially population pressure. Malnutrition is not a hidden problem. The government, almost since the proclamation of 1972 martial law, has campaigned against malnutrition. During the 1970s, the government developed a major program of expanded production with the result that rice production expanded substantially. Even this achievement leaves the average Filipino short by 300 calories of food intake per day. It is not jiggering with food aid or government price incentives that will assure that future Filipinos will have enough to eat. Only a productive revolution of rural life that also educates mothers to know what makes for sound family nutrition will be adequate. MANILA, PHILIPPINES (22 August 2005) A lack of basic vitamins and micronutrients in the diet is damaging the health of one third of the worlds population and hampering economic development, according to a recent joint report from the United Nations Childrens Fund and the Micronutrient Initiative (MI). Simple iron deficiency in Indonesia reduces gross domestic product by some 0. 5% each year ($485 million) through lost productivity, as estimated in 2003s Global Assessment Report on Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies. Yet food fortification offers a low-cost method for facing the problem, and ought to be the first public-policy choice for delivering nutrition improvement programs and lowering clinical malnutrition. With food fortification strategies supported and maintained through market-based systems, governments can focus the delivery of food supplements, nutrition services, and dietary education to disadvantaged populations with limited access to fortified food. A Simple and Cheap Technology Fortifying flour, salt, and oil, for example, offers an effective and inexpensive way to get essential vitamins and minerals into food for low-income and at-risk populations. The technology is simple, the product quality is unaffected, and the incremental price is low. Salt can be iodized, for example, for as little as five cents per person, per year. Using food fortification to reduce micronutrient deficiencies helps strengthen economies by lowering health care costs and increasing worker productivity. It also improves childrens cognitive development, further elping expand and sustain economic development. Access to fortified food, however, is often limited because of low purchasing power and underdeveloped distribution channels. Control of micronutrient deficiencies through food fortification, nonetheless, is gaining international attention. For example, the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) funded primarily by the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation, bilateral donors, and the MI provides resources to alliances of governments, industry, and civil society to implement large-scale food fortification programs that reach low-income populations. The Copenhagen Consensus, which addresses some of the biggest challenges facing the world, and assesses development opportunities and their costs, rated food fortification with micronutrients as the most successful intervention to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia, and iodine and vitamin A deficiencies. Lack of iron not only has an influence on fetal and childhood development, but also has a direct negative effect on the productivity of adults. Iodine deficiency in childhood reduces brain development, and vitamin A deficiency can permanently damage eyesight or even cause blindness. Fortification: A National Challenge To be successful, national fortification programs must be sustainable and market driven, and governments must back them up with adequate regulations, standards, and public education. International experience shows that government policy, standards, and regulations are critical to establishing an environment that enables the private food sector to invest, produce, and distribute quality, fortified products. Government is key to creating producer awareness, building consumer demand, and shaping the marketplace with clear regulations and transparent regulatory enforcement procedures. Food control and monitoring systems for fortified flour, salt, and other foods require technical and managerial capacity as well as coordination among government agencies charged with regulating domestic and imported food. There is also a need to strengthen food control and monitoring systems for fortified food at the market and household levels. New Approaches in Indonesia Vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency disorders, and iron deficiency anemia are common problems in Indonesia. These micronutrient deficiencies contribute to disease, mortality, growth retardation, brain damage, and reduced cognitive and working capacity among children and adults. That puts a severe strain on education and health systems, lowers productivity, and raises levels of sustained poverty. In urban slum areas, the prevalence of underweight children is especially high, and anemia rates among young children remain alarmingly high. More than half the children under 5 years of age are vitamin A deficient. A recent study showed that consumption of palm oil by poor families was sufficient to deliver 30% of the recommended daily allowance for vitamin A, suggesting that vitamin A fortification of palm oil presents a promising opportunity to reduce the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency. While iron supplementation is widely implemented to treat and prevent iron deficiency anemia in adults, realistic alternatives for young children remain very limited. Therefore, in-home fortification with multimicronutrient fortificants, which are also called sprinkles, is a new option to address iron deficiency anemia in young children. It consists of microencapsulated iron and other essential micronutrients to treat and prevent iron and other deficiencies in infants and young children. The encapsulation is a thin lipid (vegetable fat) coating that prevents the iron from dissolving into the weaning food, thus, preventing any change in color, flavor, and taste of food. Multimicronutrient fortificants can be added to complementary food to reduce vitamin A deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in children 6-59 months of age. Sprinkles have proved effective in Benin, Peoples Republic of China, Ghana, India, and Mongolia. Although the product is not yet commercially available, sprinkles may promise an alternative for Indonesian children who suffer micronutrient deficiencies. To combat malnutrition in Asia and the Pacific region, ADB has provided technical assistance on nutrition and food fortification to 16 developing member countries since 1996. In addition, two grant projects launched since 2001 and funded through the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR) aim to promote sustainable food fortification programs in the Central Asian republics and Mongolia. To address the alarming rates of micronutrient deficiencies in Southeast Asia, ADB has launched its first food fortification project for Indonesia, with $1. 75 million financed through the JFPR. The grant project pilots palm oil fortification with vitamin A and assesses the technical feasibility to locally produce multimicronutrient fortificants. It is estimated that about 70% of the population, particularly the poor, could be reached if palm oil is fortified with vitamin A. The oil fortification technology is uncomplicated and widespread. The project also aims to establish public-private partnerships for marketing and distributing sprinkles. About ADBThe Philippines is already experiencing over-population. Our country is one of the most over-populated country. It is the 12th most over-populated country in the whole world. Many of the people here in the Philippines, especially teenagers, are engaged in prostitution and pre-marital sex, which is two of the most common causes of over-population. Over-population is existing and increasing because also of poverty. Many of the female teenagers nowadays tend to sell themselves just for money, so that they will be able to have something for their expenses, and in some cases, for their school fees and/or their families. In fact, because of these things Philippines is also starting to suffer from some diseases, such as, AIDS, STD, HIV, and also malnutrition only common to some parts or provinces of the Philippines.

Issues in Experimentation essays

Issues in Experimentation essays In replicating Sir Ronald Fishers famous experiment with tea tasting, it is essential for the subjects in the experiment to be blindfolded or, alternatively, presented with the cups of tea after they have been poured (Binomial coefficients..., 2006). However, given that when cold milk is poured into hot tea, the milk does not curdle (and when hot tea is poured into milk, the reverse occurs), the subjects would need to be blindfolded so that they could not see the curds and therefore guess correctly the order in which the tea and milk were combined. In Fishers experiment, the tea-tasting lady was given 8 cups of tea with milk, four of each version and was told that she would be tasting four of each variety (Preece, 1990). The experiment could be varied with respect to the number of each version of the beverage presented to subjects and with respect to random presentation of the samples; ideally, however, each version should be presented as frequently (if randomly) as the other. In any approach, it is likely that the subjects will identify the method used to combine the liquids correctly at least 50 percent of the time (Binomial coefficients..., 2006). The null hypothesis of the experiment reflects Fishers original hypothesis: The lady cannot tell the difference between milk poured into tea and tea poured into milk. The problem with the experiment is that there can be more than one mull hypothesis and, as significantly, the need to prevent subjects from viewing the cup with the beverage (Preece, 1990). Small samples that are statistically representative of a larger population are viable in experiments because one can extrapolate or project based on such studies to the larger population (Preece, 1990). When testing two populations with small sample sizes, the samples should be as nearly identical as possible if one is concerned with validity and reliability matters and if the lar ...

Tracing the pathway of a cheeseburger through the entire digestive Essay

Tracing the pathway of a cheeseburger through the entire digestive system - Essay Example The term "animal testing" means the procedures done on the bodies of the animals. It is majorly for the purposes of research into pure biology and ailments, evaluating the efficiency of new medicinal yields. Moreover, it is also meant for testing the health of human beings besides assessing the safety of the environment of consumer and industry products. Animal testing began a long time ago. The time dates back to the fourth and third centuries. Early Greek writers documented some of these early animals testing. Aristotle and Erasistratus were probably the first few individuals in the history of animal testing. The first person who dissected mammals like goats and pigs are Galen. He was among the very few physicians who lived in the by the then times of history. However, later on animal testing was introduced in Spain as an experimental method of testing the surgical operations and steps before using them in the doing surgery to us human beings. A surgical doctor, Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), introduced that notion. Later on in 1242, circulation of blood in mammals was provided by a scientist known as Ibn al-Nafis. The year 1996 also marked a very significant year in the history of animal testing. Successfully, the Dolly sheep was born. Dolly was cloned from an adult cell. It was the first in the history of animal testing. Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell besides other individuals at Roslin Institute situated in Scotland, plus a biotechnology company that funded the whole process of cloning dolly. The main reason for cloning dolly was to confirm if the somatic cells would form a whole organism. Currently, animal testing is still in use in the in researchers that targets to get a solution to medical challenges from Alzheimer’s disease. Other challenges include spinal cord malfunctions, multiple sclerosis and many other states where there are no valuable in vitro model

What Is Marriage For Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What Is Marriage For - Essay Example Marriage is the changeable conception and it is right to accept the modern changes that are concerning homosexual couples. The Society like the constant variable is trying to refute same-sex marriage, using different prohibitions, but it is impossible to stop the development of the world only refuting the existence of one or other situation. It is obvious that when opponents of gay marriage are defending their point of view, they, after a ritual condemnation of homosexuality and claims that gay marriage somehow inexplicably â€Å"threaten society† and â€Å"undermine marriage†, will certainly end up with unfortunate consequences of same-sex marriage: if we allow gay marriage then people will want to legalize polygamy and marriage with pets. But arguing this position it is possible to say that same-sex marriage never results from polygamy and, in fact, we can say that if same-sex marriage is good because it allows more people to get the benefits and advantages of family life, then polygamy is undesirable because it deprives some people of the benefits and advantages. Let us explain the changing meaning of marriage from 1850-1950. What was marriage for those times? First of all, the marriage was a kind of the contract that helped to share money between families. The engagement feast was the moment that the two families finished negotiations and finally signed, witnessed, and notarized the marriage contract. Those times the marriage was not seeing by the society as a union of the two loving people.... It is obvious that when opponents of gay marriage are defending their point of view, they, after a ritual condemnation of homosexuality and claims that gay marriage somehow inexplicably â€Å"threaten society† and â€Å"undermine marriage†, will certainly end up with unfortunate consequences of same-sex marriage: if we allow gay marriage then people will want to legalize polygamy and marriage with pets. But arguing this position it is possible to say that same-sex marriage never results polygamy and, in fact, we can say that if same-sex marriage is good because it allows more people to get the benefits and advantages of family life, then polygamy is undesirable because it deprives some people of the benefits and advantages. Let us explain the changing meaning of marriage from 1850-1950. What was marriage for those times? First of all, the marriage was a kind of the contract that helped to share money between families. According to Graff, â€Å"the engagement feast was the moment that the two families finished negotiations and finally signed, witnessed, and notarized the marriage contract†. (Graff, 2004). Those times the marriage was not seeing by the society as a union of the two loving people. The marriage for love was the privilege of extremely poor people who had no property and some of them had no even two different cloths. Also people used the marriage as a way to share labor. Giving several examples we can say that a fisher needed a fishwife; a butcher needed a butcher wife and so on. We can see that during the longest period of time marriage was deal. This point of view and this seeing of the concept of the marriage were common for

Food Retailing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Food Retailing - Research Paper Example Cereal forms an important part of the food industry. Kellogg contains cereal like fiber and whole grain. Cereals are the world’s most important sources of food industry. US is the largest production of cereals, the average production per 1000 metric tons in the US is 334,554 in the year 2001. The output of cereal globally is expected to be 2219 million tons in the year 2009, 2008 experienced a decreased by 3% (UN News, â€Å"UN News Centre†). Agricultural production Food marketing Value added components The value added components of the product Kellogg’s consists of some important cereals which are essential is day to day of life for all age group. Kellogg consists of cereals like whole grains, fiber, minerals and vitamins. Main ingredients and define The main ingredients in Kellogg’s contain fiber, whole grain, vitamins and minerals. Fiber is considered to be healthy for hearts. A diet which is high in fiber ensures all around wellness of the family. Acco rding to the Institute of Medicine, recommendation on fiber is mainly based on age and gender. But it seems like people fall short to achieve the goals as most of the people are losing out the benefits of fiber such as promoting good digestive and keeping the heart healthy. Therefore in order to help the people to overcome such issues, Kellogg have introduced delicious cereals such as All-Bran, Corn pops, Raisin Bran and other such products which aims to provide good and excellent sources of fiber (Kellogg’s, â€Å"Nutrition†). Whole grain has been defined by American Association of Cereal Chemists also known as A.A.C.C., whole grain consists of ground, intact, flaked or cracked whose main components i.e. anatomical components includes the germ, bran and starchy endosperm which are present in the same proportion as in intact caryopsis (Marquart & McIntosh, p.138) . Supply Chain Manufacturing/ processing The Supply chain encompasses all the activities which are associat ed with the transformation and flow of the goods from raw materials to the end users. In the global supply chain management the manufacturing and distribution facilities are scattered all around the world. Figure 1: Supply Chain of Cereals (Source: Radrigue, â€Å"The Geography of Transport Systems†) Storage/ Delivery The above figure explains the supply chain process that takes place in case of cereals. The cereals are processed and manufactured and then they are stored and distributed on to the stores. The cereals are packaged properly with proper label and then they are transported to the retailers. Supply chain of the company Kellogg’s is a well known brand and delivers all the essential requirements for the day to day activities of life through its product. The business primarily focuses on creation of profit but also keeping the environmental and social impact to a high importance. Kellogg’s believes that by acting responsible through supply chain through which the company aims to reduce energy as well as emission in the manufacturing and also distribution and improving the packaging of the product. Kellogg’s supply chain consists of three sectors which are the primary, secondary and the tertiary sector. The process includes a range of agencies which includes the quality, research, sales, purchasing, distribution and transport. As an essential part of the

Wireless Communication Systems

Wireless Communication Systems Introduction Wireless communication is part of todays world and is greatly in demand as such resources are preferred in todays world and so the sales are increasing day by day with equipment which involves wireless communication. The G which means generation, in the technology today amongst phones covers the technology improvement in the last few decades. The first mobile phone technology started with 1G which involved analogue technology. In the early 1990s the next generation of communication developed named 2G which was in a digital technology which also had text messaging with the idea of SIM cards coming into practice. SIM is short for (Subscriber Identity Module). Other technologies that evolved were CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). The next generation which followed made the data carrying better, making it potential to carry information such as websites as how they were originally. In 3G technology the iPhone has become the latest. As of today the agreement of 4G technology has not yet been established. It has been planned to have fast transfer speeds and should have good security. Something else that the 4G technology should meet is that it should reduce blips in transfer of the device when moving between different networks. The 4G mobile network should also be able to use the networks like the ones on the internet with IP addresses. 4G mobile is not yet implemented as an approved set of standards, so its characteristics are at present simply goals rather than requirements. As well as considerably desired increasing data transfer speeds, 4G mobile as well as should use improved security measures, When a device moves one place to another place between this area covered by different network reduce the blips in transmission is the another goal .4G mobile networks should also use a network based on the IP address system used for the internet. Two major systems using 4G technologies are WiMax and Long Term Evolution. WiMax began testing its 4G technology in Baltimore in 2008. The opposite system LTE was expected to be ready to be tested in 2010 and is expected to be ready for use in 2013. All this information above is described in detail in this research. All the topics covered above are broadened below. 3G 3G technology comes with better features than previous mobile network technologies. It has transmission which is at high speed, better multimedia access as well as connection globally.3G used with mobile phones a connects the phone with the internet and other IP connections which allow voice as well as video calls to be accessed. Not only this but also helps to download and surf the internet. From lower mobile technologies, 3G technology has higher data speed, better audio and video access, video calling support, Web use at quicker speeds and TV through the Internet. In 3G networks the transfer speed is between 128 and 144 kbps for devices that are fast and 384 kbps for slower ones. Wireless fixed LANs have a sped beyond 2Mbps. W-CDMA,TD-SCDMA, WLAN and cellular radio, among others are some of the technologies that 3G includes.[1] WCDMA The third-generation Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) will be able to deliver high data rates of up to 384 kb/s at widearea applications or even 2 Mb/s indoors . This is achieved by using wide-bandwidth signals with Code-Division for Multiple Access (W-CDMA). The user data are multiplied by a fast pseudorandom spreading sequence before phase modulating the radio-frequency (RF) carrier. The resulting signals which are then broadcast have a bandwidth of approximately 4.5 MHz. Parameter W-CDMA Uplink 1920-1980 MHz Downlink 2110-2170 MHz Access DS-CDMA Duplex procedure FDD Modulation QPSK Pulse shaping Root-raised cos, Chip rate ÃŽ ± = 0:22 User data rate 384 kb/s; 2 Mb/s Bandwidth/channel 5MHz Max. output power 21 dBm (Class IV) TD-SCDMA It was proposed by the China Wireless Telecommunication Standards group to the ITU in 1999.60MHz has been reserved for CDMA2000 and UMTS, but TD-SCDMA has reserved 155MHz.In common with UMTS-TDD,TD-SCDMA does not require separate uplink and downlink and offer speeds from as low as 1.2kbps up to 2 Mbps. Uplink and downlink traffic can be transferred in the same frame but in different time slots, and there can be up to 16 codes allocated per slot, more time slot can be devoted to downlink transfer than in the uplink. This allocation of time slots is dynamic and if a symmetric allocation is required, which is usually the case for a telephone call, then this will also be allocated the required resources. The minimum frequency band required for this system is 1.6 MHz and the chip rate is 1.28Mcps.it does not have soft handover mechanism but has a system similar to GSM where the mobile device are tightly synchronized to the network, and it is from here that the term ‘syschronous is d erived. it is designed to work with a GSM core network is similar way to WCDMA and can also use the UTRAN signalling stack when it is deployed as a complementary technology. The frame is 5 ms rather than 10ms in WCDMA and split into seven slot.[2]. 4G The future system technology of 4G should bring something that is very enchancing when compared to the previous technologies. 4G yet does not have a meaning as it has not yet been established. However the current targets for it are as follows: system interoperability:-flexible interoperability of the various kind of existing wireless network, such as satellite, cellular wireless, WLAN, PAN and system for wireless access to the fixed network. It ability to roam between multiple wireless and mobile standards. Due to the interoperability of different mobile and wireless network through the same terminal we can identify the three possible configuration. There are Multimode terminals:-this is obviously achieved by incorporating multiple interfaces to the terminal, one for the access methods of every different kind of wireless network. The ability to use many access methods will enable users to use a single device to access the 4G network irrespective of the particular access method used. Overlay network:- In this architecture user will access the 4G network through the Access Points of an overall network. The AP will perform protocol translation and Qos negotiation for the connections. Since APs can monitor the resource used by a user, this architecture supports single billing and subscription. Common access protocol:-this choice calls for use one or two standard access protocol by the wireless networks. A possible option is for the wireless networks to use either ATM cells with additional headers or WATM cells. Terminal bandwidth and battery life:- Future generation network will be covering a large range of banwidths from about a couple of kbps to about 100 Mbps or above. The battery life is expected to be about a week. This will happen with a reduction of the size of the battery. Packet-switched fixed network.:- This 4G technology will use wireless IP based fixed networks which will be able to connect the mobiles with the wireless networks effectively. Varying quality of bandwidth for wireless access:- Having a range of networks together will cause it to overlap with other networks. Due to where they are, the user will be abl to use different qualities of wireless by the change of bandwidth. Distribution layer: This layer of the network will be able to help with digital video as well as broadcasting and due to a good coverage will cover all areas. Cellular layer: This layer of the wireless network will give a load of capacity providing many users as well as provide good coverage in highly populated areas. It will allow data sizes of over 2 Mbps. The cell size will also be small compared to the distribution layer, and will support good mobility. Hot-spot layer: This layer will help with good service over a short distance. It will include WLAN systems like IEEE 802.11 and HIPERLAN. This layer will not provide great coverage in particular as it is a short distance however roaming should be available. Personal network layer: This layer will include wireless connection however in short ranges say through the use of Bluetooth. Mobility will be less but roaming should be available. Fixed layers: This layer uses an access system which is fixed. Advanced base stations: In the future for networks, the new smart antennas will make the capacity bigger as well as base stations having self-configuration not needing the need for employment. This would reduce costs. They will include a good range of terminals. High data rates: The 3G system will be changed using what it has already to form the new 4G generation. The 4G generation will offer higher speed than the 3G generation. The introduction of 4G needs specific targets which are named above. To get to these targets, 4G needs the basis on how to achieve this which is explained in detail below.[1]. How 4G works: In the networks which have the 4G wireless technology, each one will be given an IP address which will have a home IP address and an address which represents its real location. When the computer in the Internet wants to communicate with another device perhaps a mobile phone in the wireless network. The computer will be able to send packets to the IP address of the 4G technology getting to know the home address too. To the phones address, the directory will send the packet through a tunnel, or a mobile IP, whilst on the meantime the directory server would also let the computer know that the phones address is correct. After this the other packets can be sent. The use of4G-IP address (IPv6) is that it will be able to carry more info than in the past with the IP address (IPv4). In this IP address, software can use them to tell the differences between services and to communicate with network areas of different sorts. This could be with the computer and the phones network. An example includes Moreover which uses 4G technology not only has this transmission way but also uses OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA, UWB *7 and Network-LMDS.[4] Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing abbreviated as OFDM, passes on figures on a great quantity through a radio wave. Changing the radio signal into many small signals then transferred at the same time through different frequencies to the receiver is the method in which this is carried out. OFDM is a digital technology through modulation which increase strength of these signal; this is good for high digital data transition. This is a great digital technology method in which through the process of modulation increases the strength of the signal and is good for a transition of high quality digital data.[2] In this time, users might have a good question about how theses waves targeted the correct destination. A OFDM makes the radio wave target the right place though a couple of devices which are wireless, which make a connection tunnel when they start communication. After connecting the target, the radio wave splits into smaller signals which have the correct direction towards the target. MS-CDMA stands for Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access, which is actually OFDM with a CDMA overlay. The users are multiplexed with orthogonal codes to differentiate users in MS-CDMA and single-carrier CDMA systems. It allows flexible system design between cellular system and signal cell system. However, in MC-CDMA, each user can be allocated several codes, where the data is spread in time or frequency. LAS-CDMA the shortened form for Large Area Synchronized Code Division Multiple Access, is made through by LinkAir Communication which is basically wireless technology through the developed 4G technology. LAS-CDMA makes voice capacity better, with high speed and the latest original solution called Code-Division Duplex (CDD) which combines the LAS-CDMA technology with the greater data transmission type of Time-Division Duplex (TDD). This combination makes Code-Division Duplex to be very spectrally efficient as well as having high speed available today as a great system. LAS-CDMA is seen as being the great 4G technologys ‘World Cell. If two wireless devices for instance are a quite big distance apart then using this protocol which has IPv6 to create the connection. In the 4G world, UWB radio which solves the multi-path weakening matters through its clever use of electrical impulses which has all frequencies at one time. Due to its low-power condition though, this UWB cannot be used outside of being indoors or underground. UWB should be used however with OFDM which cal transfer digital data on a large scale. This is positive though as the UWB would be running insides equally as the OFDM runs outside which means that the signal can stay strong. UWB also needs to be used in small distances inside the buildings through 4G technology. The broadband technology which is wireless used to carry video, data Internet as well as voice in 25 GHz is the Network-LMDS Local Multipoint distribution system. This method makes sure all these things are carried together at once, and this can be the result in the fading issue locally. [4] Differences between 3G and 4G: The main factors in which 3G and 4G technologies vary is due to their services, their ways of transmission, access to the web, the rates of transfer, security as well as quality. 3G technology can only carry upto the speed of about and up to 2 Mbps however 4G technology can go much higher to a better speed. 4G technologies can provide global connection whereas for 3G markets it is difficult to roam globally. Technology which uses 4G can provide global roaming at a lower price. 3g is based on the notion through circuits and packets through things like WCDMA, CDMA and TD-SDMA. However 4G uses the use of packets. As mentioned above about the differentiation between the 3G and 4G, this has been broadened in the tab le below. Feature 3G wireless technology 4G Wireless technology Speed Up to 2Mbps Full-mobility: up to 100Mbps Low-mobility:up to 1Gbps Service 1. Difficult of global roaming 2. Expensive 3. good for voice transmission 1. roaming smoothly 2. inexpensive 3. good for any type of transmission Core Network 1. Wide-area concept 2. Circuit and packet switching 1. broadband IP-based 2. Entirely packet switching Technologies 1. WCDMA 2. CDMA 3. TD-SDMA All access convergence Main: 1. OFDM 2. MC-CDMA 3. LAS-CDMA 4. UWB 5. Network-LMPS Wimax Wimax which stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access was made to give a ordinary structure for wireless connectivity in permanent, moveable, and mobile environments. WiMAX is a wireless technology intended to give high throughput over a distance. It gives the quick broadband of link. It also provides wireless access which reduces costs which involves the fibre and making buildings. It has a range that goes beyond WiFi. A WiMAX uses two hardware components — a WiMAX tower as well as WiMAX receiver. This tower covers a 30 mile radius. The tower joins to the Internet using a wide connection through a wireline, or it offers a wireless link to other WiMAX towers with Line Of Site (LOS for short) microwave links. The receiver could be anything. NLOS (non-line of sight in full) connections join devices to the tower using a frequency range of 2-11 GHz as low wavelength signals are strong. LOS connections however do not cover as large area but covers and area of 4-6 miles. QoS is the aspect in a technology to deliver high bandwidth services. Examples of such include VoIP and IP video services as well as other services as such. To provide such QoS service, the WiMax need to make sure they have a low latency.[4] WiMAX security is defined in the Privacy Sub-layer in the MAC Layer, as specified by WiMAX standards. Fixed WiMAX (802.16-2004) typically uses X.509 certificates for authentication and 56-bit Digital Encryption System (DES), while Mobile WiMAX (802.16e-2005) uses EAP for authentication and Advanced Encryption System (AES) for encryption. Both employ Privacy Key Management (PKM) for authentication between base station and subscriber station.[5][9]. LTE Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G wireless broadband technology made by the Third Generation Partnership Project. LTE has many benefits for not only the consumer but also the workers too: Performance and capacity one request that the LTE is to provide downlink rates of a minimum of 100Mbit/s and needs the technology to allow for speeds that are over 200Mbit/s. Simplicity From below 5MHz up to 20MHz, LTE supports carrier bandwidths. LTE also supports both FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex). Ten paired and four unpaired spectrum bands have so far been identified by 3GPP for LTE. it is easiest to deploy 10MHz or 20MHz carriers, and eventually deploy LTE in all bands. plug-and-play, self-configuration and self-optimization will simplify and reduce the cost of network roll-out and management. LTE will be deployed in parallel with simplified, IP-based core and transport networks that are easier to build, maintain and introduce services on. Wide range of terminals- LTE supports hand-over and roaming to existing mobile networks, all devices can have ubiquitous mobile broadband coverage from day one[6].[9] COMPARSION BETWEEN WIMAX AND LTE Aspect Wimax LTE Access technology Downlink(DL) Uplink(UL) OFDMA OFDMA OFDMA SC-FDMA Frequency band 2.3-2.4GHz,2.496-2.69GHz ~2GHz Bit-rate: DL UL 75Mbps(MIMO 2TX 2RX) 25Mbps 100Mbps(MIMO 2TX 2RX) 50Mbps Channnel bandwidth 5,8.75,10MHz 1.25-20MHz Cell radius 2-7km 5km Cell capacity 100-200 users >200 users in 5MHz >400 users for large BW Spectral efficiency 3.75[bits/sec/Hz] 5[bits/sec/hz] Mobility: Speed Handovers Up to 120km/h Optimized hard handovers supported Up to 250km/h Inter-cell soft handovers supported Legacy IEEE802.16a through 16d GSM/GPRS/EGPRS/UMTS/HSPA MIMO DL UL No. of code words 2Tx X 2Rx 1Tx X NRx(Collaborative SM) 1 2Tx X 2RX 2Tx X 2Rx 2 Standardization coverage IEEE 802.16e-2005 PHY and MAC CN standardization in Wimax RAN(PHY+MAC)+CN Roaming framework Wimax forum Auto through existing GSM/UMTS [7].Verizon has devoted to using Long Term Evolution starting by soon, ensuring to deliver ten times the data throughput of 3G technologies in the current time. Others, including NTT DoCoMo in Japan, France Telecom, Vodafone in the UK, ATT, and T-Mobile have said also they will use LTE rather than WiMAX. Meanwhile, Sprint, Clearwire, and Comcast in the U.S., UQ Communications in Japan, and Yota in Russia are all competitively using 4G networks suitable for mobile networks using todays edition of WiMAX, 802.16e (2 to 10 Mbps), in inner-city markets where they will without doubt compete with 3G (and later, LTE) sources. The WiMAX Forum declares that 504 operators in 145 countries have organized WiMAX, but many use older 802.16d technology that however cannot provide mobile services, and many are small operators in developing countries or pastoral areas.[8] Conclusion:- In every generation, when there is a default, the next following generation gets rid of this and a new idea or notion is found as a result. However at some points this may be difficult to happen due to several reasons. The world is looking forward for the most intellectual technology that would bond the full earth. New ideas are being introduced by researchers throughout the world, but new ideas introduce new challenges. There are several issues yet to be solved like integrating the mobile world to the IP based core network, resourceful billing system, and smooth hand off mechanisms. Reference: Future mobile networks 3G and beyond Edited by Alan Clapton published by : the Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, United kingdom Convergence Technologies for 3G Networks IP,UMTS,EGPRS and ATM Jeffrey banister, Paul Mather and Sebastian Coope at Orbitage Consultants. http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:suYVNKca06YJ:www.habits.in/hab_files_007_822/files/3G%2520TO%25204G%25205G.pdf+limitations+of+4Ghl=engl=ukpid=blsrcid=ADGEESgduPdmeqSL9dwRiGnFJ0JOIktrJxjYXI8_5x7PWdeg7eQwcmvkJGDQE-N6lFOL62qsTZW4So4iJ9oIZIeb3tSr6X8xD35e3gjxiI_g6tL4XcJMY3MYFWZyjtnclDWgFCAA8S6Rsig=AHIEtbSPBQflncP4szu1MI5tLZL4tX8Y9g Wimax taking wireless to the max Deepak Pareek published in 2006 by Auerbach publications http://4g-wirelessevolution.tmcnet.com/topics/4g-wirelessevolution/articles/what-is-wimax.htm 15/03/2010 19.00 http://4g-wirelessevolution.tmcnet.com/topics/4g-wirelessevolution/articles/lte-ericsson.htm 15/03/2010 20.00 http://www.comsysmobile.com/pdf/LTEvsWiMax.pdf 15/03/2010 19.00 http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/news/article.php/3845111 15/03/2010 19.00 http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/rts/docs/CODES-EMSOFT-CASES-2006/codes/p266.pdf 15/03/2010

The Awakening as an Allegory of Existentialism Essays -- Chopin Awake

The Awakening as an Allegory of Existentialism  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate Chopin's The Awakening as the title suggests is just that†¹the story of a young woman's awakening to life.   Even though it is a work of fiction, the character of Edna undergoes such a radical change one cannot ignore the psychological depth of the work.   The story could almost be seen as a case study.   In order to analyze the work psychologically, it is important to decide which psychological framework to use.   I chose the critic Cynthia Wolff who uses a Freudian framework for analysis.   Wolff feels that Edna's problems are a result of oral conflicts, while I see the work as more of an allegory of existentialism, and Edna's problems are a result of a lack of Being. Cynthia Wolff draws the reader into the Freudian framework by pointing out how cyclic Edna's life is in relation to eating and sleeping.   Wolff claims, "If one were to plot the course of Edna's life during this period, the most reliable indices to the passage of time would be her meals and her periods of sleep" (Wolff 231).   Since these are the most basic needs, one can quickly recognize the "infantile life-pattern" (Wolff 231) in Edna.   Wolff goes on to explain that Edna does not recognize her desire for Robert to be sexual because "Edna's libidinal energies have been arrested at a pre-genital level" (Wolff 232).   In Freudian terms this means that Edna's relationship to the world around her is on an oral level.   This level is characteristic of very young children whose only concern is for food, and anything they can reach they attempt to put in their mouths.   The "taking in" of the world in this way is the child's attempt to understand and become one with the world by internalizing it.   The oral stag... ... her.   Since this would not be tolerated by the society of the day, her children would suffer because of their mot her's behavior.   Since she cannot be in a world that will not let her Be, she chooses to give up what has become to her an unessential†¹life. Note 1The hyphens in Being-in-the-world are to show that a Being and the world are interdependent on one another and therefore inseparable. Works Cited Dostoyevky, Fyodor.   Notes From the Underground.   New York:   Dover, 1992. Heidegger, Martin.   Basic Writings.   New York:   Harper Collins Publishers, 1993. May, Rollo.   Existence.   New York:   Simon & Shuster, 1958. Sartre, Jean-Paul.   Essays in Existentialism.   Secaucus:   Carrol Publishing Group, 1997. Wolff, Cynthia.   "Thanatos and Eros." The Awakening by Kate Chopin.   Ed.   Margo Culley.   New York:   Norton, 1994. 231-41.    The Awakening as an Allegory of Existentialism Essays -- Chopin Awake The Awakening as an Allegory of Existentialism  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate Chopin's The Awakening as the title suggests is just that†¹the story of a young woman's awakening to life.   Even though it is a work of fiction, the character of Edna undergoes such a radical change one cannot ignore the psychological depth of the work.   The story could almost be seen as a case study.   In order to analyze the work psychologically, it is important to decide which psychological framework to use.   I chose the critic Cynthia Wolff who uses a Freudian framework for analysis.   Wolff feels that Edna's problems are a result of oral conflicts, while I see the work as more of an allegory of existentialism, and Edna's problems are a result of a lack of Being. Cynthia Wolff draws the reader into the Freudian framework by pointing out how cyclic Edna's life is in relation to eating and sleeping.   Wolff claims, "If one were to plot the course of Edna's life during this period, the most reliable indices to the passage of time would be her meals and her periods of sleep" (Wolff 231).   Since these are the most basic needs, one can quickly recognize the "infantile life-pattern" (Wolff 231) in Edna.   Wolff goes on to explain that Edna does not recognize her desire for Robert to be sexual because "Edna's libidinal energies have been arrested at a pre-genital level" (Wolff 232).   In Freudian terms this means that Edna's relationship to the world around her is on an oral level.   This level is characteristic of very young children whose only concern is for food, and anything they can reach they attempt to put in their mouths.   The "taking in" of the world in this way is the child's attempt to understand and become one with the world by internalizing it.   The oral stag... ... her.   Since this would not be tolerated by the society of the day, her children would suffer because of their mot her's behavior.   Since she cannot be in a world that will not let her Be, she chooses to give up what has become to her an unessential†¹life. Note 1The hyphens in Being-in-the-world are to show that a Being and the world are interdependent on one another and therefore inseparable. Works Cited Dostoyevky, Fyodor.   Notes From the Underground.   New York:   Dover, 1992. Heidegger, Martin.   Basic Writings.   New York:   Harper Collins Publishers, 1993. May, Rollo.   Existence.   New York:   Simon & Shuster, 1958. Sartre, Jean-Paul.   Essays in Existentialism.   Secaucus:   Carrol Publishing Group, 1997. Wolff, Cynthia.   "Thanatos and Eros." The Awakening by Kate Chopin.   Ed.   Margo Culley.   New York:   Norton, 1994. 231-41.   

Microsoft Environment Analysis Essay

Abstract Windows of Vulnerability is defined as the ability to attack something that is at risk. Hackers search and pride themselves on finding vulnerabilities or creating their own within a system. A few examples of vulnerabilities that will be covered in this paper are CodeRed, Spida, Slammer, Lovesan, and Sasser. The worm named Code Red was observed on the internet on July 13, 2001. Computers running Microsoft IIS web server were attacked with this worm. Code Red worm did not infect the largest amount of computers until July 19, 2001 with 359,000 hosts being infected. The worm would spread itself in a vulnerability known as a buffer overflow. It would do this by using a long string of the repetition of the letter â€Å"N† to overflow a buffer. Spida worm infects via Microsoft SQL installations with administrator accounts that have no passwords defined. Microsoft recommends the â€Å"sa† account be set upon installation but many servers are not properly secured after installat ion. The main purpose of the Spida worm is to export an infected server’s Sam password database. SQL Slammer worm caused a denial of service on Internet host and slowed down general internet traffic. On January 25, 2003 it spread rapidly and infected 75,000 victims in ten minutes. The worm exploited the buffer overflow and would generate random IP addresses, send itself out to those addresses. If one of those addresses happens to belong to a host that is running an unpatched copy of Microsoft SQL Server Resolution Service, the host becomes infected and sprays the Internet with more copies of the worm. Lovesan worm A.K.A. MSBlast or Blaster Worm was a worm that spread to computers running Microsoft operating systems Windows XP and Windows 2000. The worm spread using a buffer overflow. This allowed the worm to spreads without the users opening attachments simply by spamming itself. The worm would display a two messages reading â€Å"I just want to say LOVE YOU SAN!!Soo much.† This message gave the worm the name Lovesan; the second message read â€Å"Billy Gates why do you make this possible ? Stop making money and fix your software!!†. Sasser worm affects computers running Microsoft operating systems Windows XP and Windows 2000. Sasser spreads through a vulnerable network port. It is particularly easy to spread without user intervention but is also easily stopped by a  properly configured firewall. The worm received the name Sasser because it would spread through a buffer overflow in the component known as LSASS(Local Security Authority Subsystem). References Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Code Red (computer worm) – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm) IBM X-Force: Ahead of the Threat – Resources. advise118 . Retrieved from http://www.iss.net/threats/advise118.html Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. SQL Slammer – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_Slammer Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Blaster (computer worm) – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaster_(computer_worm) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sasser (computer worm) – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasser_(computer_worm)

Linear Programming Essay Example

Linear Programming Essay Example Linear Programming Essay Linear Programming Essay Linear Programming After completing this chapter you should be able to: identify a product which maximises the contribution per unit of scarce resource when there is only one scarce resource, and determine the optimum solution. formulate an LP model to solve for the optimal product mix which maximises profits, or for cost minimisation problems to minimise costs. solve 2 variable problems graphically. use a spreadsheet to solve LP problems with any number of variables. interpret the sensitivity reports of spreadsheet solutions to LP problems to test objective function coefficient sensitivity, determine shadow prices and RHS ranging. rform throughput accounting and solve problems using the concept of the Theory of Constraints. Introduction In this chapter we continue with our profit planning, or product mix, decisions. We extend CVP analysis in the last chapter by introducing the notion of scarce resources. Although CVP analysis does not provide answers regarding optimum product mixes (mixes which maximise profits or minimise costs) one advantage of CVP analysis is that it focuses attention on products with high contribution margins. Managers and salespeople can often direct their efforts to increasing output and sales of high ontribution margin products and thereby maximise the contribution towards fixed costs and profits. Unfortunately, it is not always desirable to attempt to maximise the sales of high contribution margin products, at the expense of those with lower margins. Most firms have constraintsl (in the short run) on production constraints which limit the volume of output. In such cases it is preferable sometimes not to emphasise the sales of high contribution margin products. Rather, attention should be directed to the contribution margin per unit of scarce resources required to produce the products. Thus, sometimes products with low contribution margins also have low resource requirements, and can be highly profitable. We shall now focus on this type of analysis. Multi 9 9-1 A firms two products are both produced on a single machine. Product 1 requires 2 hours of machine time per unit of product while Product 2 requires 4 hours per unit. There is a maximum of 20 000 hours of machine time available per time period. Product 1 has a contribution margin of $4 per unit, Product 2 a margin of $5 per unit. profitable, generating $5 per unit as against Product 1 s $4 per unit. But let us check this out. If all machine time were devoted to Product 2, which requires 4 hours per unit, it would be possible to produce 20 000/4 = 5000 units per period. These 5000 units would each generate $5 contribution margin, providing a total contribution (variable profit) of 5000($5) = $25 000. If, instead, we concentrated on Product 1, which requires 2 hours of machine time per unit, it would be possible to produce 20 000/2 = 0 000 units, each earning $4 contribution margin, giving a variable profit of 10 000($4) = $40 000. This is $15 000 more than it is possible to earn from Product 2. It may seem surprising that the product with the lower contribution margin is the more profitable to produce. What is important, however, is not the contribution margin per unit of product, but the contribution margin per unit of the limiting resource. As Table 9-1 demonstrates, Product 1 earns the higher contribution margin per machine hour, $2. 00 per MH versus only $1. 25 per MH for Product 2. Contribution Margin per unit Machine Hours per unit Contribution Margin per Machine Hour Product 1 $4 2 $4/2=$2. oo Product 2 $5 4 $5/4=$1. 25 Table 9-1 : Contribution margin per unit of limiting resource Thus, with one limiting resource, we should produce only one product, the one with the highest contribution margin per unit of that limiting resource. In example 9-1 we should maximise the production of Product 1 which has the higher contribution margin per machine hour. It would not pay to produce a mix of the two, that is, some of each product. The reason is that for every unit of Product 2 which is produced a ontribution of $5 would be earned but an opportunity cost of $8 is incurred. That is, in the time that it takes to produce one unit of Product 2 (4 hours of machine time) two units of Product 1 could be made earning a contribution margin of 2x$4 = $8, leaving the firm $3 worse off. Two Limiting Resources production, because it may not be possible to obtain the same profitability rankings on different scarce resources. Consider example 9-2. Example 9 9-1, both products have to proceed through a labour-intensive finishing process. Both products require hour of finishing labour, but there is a maximum of 8000 hours of skilled finishing labour available per time period. Having learned our lesson about calculating contribution margin per unit of scarce resource, we now proceed to calculate the contribution margin per hour of finishing labour for each product, as shown in Table 9-2. Finishing Labour Hours per Finishing Hour $411-$4. 00 $511-$5. 0 Table 9-2: Contribution margin per unit of limiting resource Product 1 generates $4 per finishing hour, while Product 2 generates $5 per finishing hour. Thus Product 2 is more profitable in terms of contribution per hour of finishing abour. We are now faced with a problem of conflicting profitability rankings. There are two scarce resources, machine time and finishing time. Product 1 is more profitable in terms of machine resources consumed but Product 2 is more profitable in terms of finishing resources. Since these profitability rankings conflict, we cannot determine the optimum action using this type of analysis. We have to use a technique known as linear programming. In general, when there are multiple constraining resources there are usually conflicting profitability rankings, and linear programming must be used to determine the optimum product mix. Linear Programming achieve some objective such as profit maximisation or cost minimisation. It is assumed that there are constraining resources (such as limited production or distribution facilities) or market factors (demand etc. ) which prevent a firm from producing and selling unlimited quantities of individual products, and hence the aim is to optimise the use of these constraining resources. The word linear indicates that linearity is an assumption behind this technique. It is assumed that cost and revenue functions are linear, and that there is a linear relationship between inputs and outputs. If the output of a product is doubled, resource requirements are doubled. Care is needed when using this analysis that linearity is a reasonable assumption, and that the data are reasonably accurate. A convenient way of introducing LP is by means of the graphical method, but this restricts us to somewhat trivial examples involving two variables. For problems with more than two variables we need to use the simplex method. There are many specialised LP computer programs employing the simplex method. Also, these problems can be solved using most popular spreadsheets. Spreadsheet solutions will lso be illustrated. Maximisation Problems Example 9 9-2, where we have two products and two constraints (machine hours and finishing hours). In addition, period fixed costs are $18 000. We are required to formulate an LP model for this example and solve it to determine the product mix which will maximise the firms period net profit. A linear programming model consists of two parts, an objective function and a set of constraints. First, we formulate the objective function. Let xl represent the number of units of Product 1 to be produced, and x2 the number f units of Product 2. The objective is to maximise period net profit, which could be expressed in the form Maxtrntse P = 41+52 18 OOO (9-1) where the coefficients of xl and x2 are 4 and 5, which are the respective contribution margins of products 1 and 2, and 18 000 represents the period fixed costs. We can, however, simplify the analysis by ignoring fixed costs at this stage, and simply maximise variable profit (total contribution margin): Maximise P = 41 +52 (9-2) Fixed costs can then be subtracted from the optimum variable profit to give optimum net profit. Now we turn to the constraint set. First, there is a machine constraint: Product 1 there is a maximum of 20 000 machine hours available per period. Then, 2X1+4X2 = 20 ooo (9-3) is one of several ways of stating this information. This expression states that the machine time is to be fully used (i. e. to capacity). Graphically, Equation (9-3) would appear as shown in Figure 9-1 . Figure 9-1 The graph of Equation (9-3) is obtained by finding the two points 10 000 and 5000 on the xl and x2 axes respectively, and Joining them with a straight line. If no units of product 2 are made, then x2 = O, and we have 21 + 20000, e 21 = 20000, and hus xl = 10 000. Similarly; if no units of product 1 are made, then xl = O, and we have 2(0) + 42 = 20 000 and hence x2 = 5000. Strictly, the line should extend further at each end, but since on either of these extensions one of the variables would be negative, indicating negative production, interest is focused only in the positive quadrant. The line segment in Figure 9-1 represents combinations of xl and x2 which fully utilise the machine capacity of 20 000 hours. There are many possible solutions, some being integer values of xl and x2 while others are non-integer solutions. In eneral, LP solutions may be non-integral, and if only integers are acceptable one should use Integer Programming. Some possible solutions which represent combinations of whole units of production of xl and x2 are: (0,5000), ie xl † O, 12 (2000,4000), 2 000, (4000000), 4 000, 6 000, 2000 (8000,1000), 8 000, 1 ooo (10000,0), 10000, If the assumption of fully utilising machine capacity is relaxed, so that although 20 000 hours represents maximum machine time, less than 20 000 hours may be consumed if desirable, Equation (9-3) is converted to the inequality (which is graphed in Figure 9-2): 2X1+4X2 20 ooo Figure 9-2 Graphically, possible solutions are now extended to encompass not only points along the line segment, but also all of the area below the line, anywhere in the shaded portion of Figure 9-2. In addition to the solutions possible in (9-3), further possibilities exist in (9-4), such as Xl = 3000, = 1000, or Xl = 2000, 12 = 2000. It may be noted that in general, equations are tighter than inequalities, and restrict the number of alternative solutions. The second constraint, finishing labour, must also be considered. Given that both products require 1 hour of finishing time, and a maximum availability of 8000 hours, his constraint may be expressed in the form IXI+1X2 8000, or Simply Xl+ 12 08000 (9-5) Considered on its own, this constraint is shown in Figure 9-3. But this second constraint cannot be considered alone. It must be considered simultaneously with the first constraint. That is, the two inequalities must be considered together: Xl+X20 8000 (9-6) Both of these constraints should be drawn on one graph (superimposed on each other) to form the area of feasible solutions, illustrated as the shaded portion of Figure 9-4. Only the shaded area satisfies both constraints, being the area common to both constraints. This shaded area is a polygon containing the solution set. The set of points described by the polygon is convex. Figure 9-4 It will be noticed that once the second constraint was added the area of feasible solutions was reduced. Whenever another constraint having no new variables is added, the area of feasible solutions is less than or equal to the prior situation. We have already mentioned that we ignore negative values for xl and x2, because negative production values are not economically meaningful. Nevertheless, such a restriction is made explicit in an LP model, so that to (9-6) we should add the non- egativity constraints xl ,x200: That is, xl or x2 may be greater than zero, or equal to zero, but not less than zero (e, not negative). Although the constraints in (9-7) limit the available alternatives, they do not provide a unique answer to the decision problem of how much of each product to produce. The objective function in (9-2) which indicates the aim of maximising variable profit, is used to appraise the various possible solutions, and must be added to (9-7) to present a full statement of the problem: subject to 21+42 20 OOO so-profit Line Solution Method (machine constraint) finishing constraint) (9-8) can be added to the graph depicted in Figure 9-4. The objective function can take an infinite number of positions on the graph, each position being an so-profit line. If we examine the objective function P = 41+52 we note that it is the equation of a straight line with a negative slope of -4/5 (which can be read straight from the coefficients if xl is plotted on the horizontal axis). Formally, we can show that this is correct. The equation of a straight line is usually of the form y = mx+b where y is plotted on the vertical axis, m is the gradient and b is the y-intercept. We have placed x2 on the vertical axis, so let us convert the objective function to a form which corresponds with y = mx+b: 41+52 is converted to 52 = -4xl 12 = +P/5 So in (9-9) we verify that the slope (m) is equal to -4/5. The x2 intercept (not of great interest to us) is P/5. Thus the objective function has a slope of -4/5, and can take on many parallel positions each of which gives a different value for P. So, if one position is plotted, other positions are merely parallel shifts of this line. The further from the origin the objective function line is, the higher is the profit level. Therefore the optimum solution occurs when the objective function is as far from the origin as possible, but is Just touching the solution set. At its highest point it may touch a vertex on either axis, such as xl=8000 or x2=5000, or at the point of intersection of the two constraints, in all three cases there being a unique solution. In some cases it may lie along a constraint, indicating multiple optima. To make an initial plot of this objective function which has a slope of -4/5, we Join the points 4 on the vertical axis and 5 on the horizontal, or some multiple of them; for xample, 4000 on the vertical (x2) axis and 5000 on the horizontal (xl) axis, shown as a broken line in Figure 9-5. We then use a ruler and move it parallel to and up from the initial plot until we get a line Just touching the solution set. In this case there is a unique solution because the objective function (broken line) is Just touching a vertex at the point (6000,2000) meaning a production of 6000 units of Product 1 and 2000 units of Product 2. We either read these values directly from the graph, or else we determine them by solving simultaneously the equations of the two straight lines hich intersect at the desired point. Figure 9-5 Solving simultaneously: 8 ooo so 12=2000 and by substitution Xl = 6000 Note that the optimum solution, given two constraints, calls for production of both products. In fact, there can never be more products than the number of constraints, but there may be fewer. The solution (6000,2000) is the point of maximum profit. We calculate the variable profit by substituting 6000 for xl and 2000 for x2 into the objective function: p = 4xl +512 = $34 000. Finally, we can subtract the period fixed costs to obtain net profit: Net profit = $34 000-$18 OOO = $16 000. Relative Gradient Solution Method Instead of actually plotting the objective function to determine the optimum product mix we could simply compare the gradients of the objective function and the constraints. Reading from (9-8) we have the following gradients: Objective function -4/5 = -0. Machine constraint -2/4 = -1/2=-0. 5 Finishing constraint -1/1 † We note that the gradient of the objective function (-0. 8) lies between the gradients of the two constraints (-0. 5 and -1. 0). Therefore the optimum solution will be at the intersection of the two constraints. If the objective function were flatter than either onstraint (for example, a gradient of -0. 4) the optimum solution would be on the x2 axis at (0,5000); if it were steeper than either constraint (say -2) the optimum solution would be on the xl axis at (8000,0). Check these out by altering the angle of your ruler and pushing it away from the origin. Corner Point Solution Method A third method for determining the optimum solution is to evaluate the objective function at each corner point of the feasible set. This is the way the simplex method works, starting from the point (0,0) and working around from vertex to vertex until the largest objective function value is found. So we simply substitute the co-ordinates for each extreme vertex (corner point) in the feasible set into the objective function to find the maximum value. In Figures 9 9 9-3, plus the additional information that no ore than 3000 units of Product 2 can be sold per time period. Determine the optimum mix and period net profit. The new LP model will be simply the previous one in (9-8) augmented by the inclusion of the additional market constraint: Maximise 41+52 Subject to 21+42 0 20 000 (machine constraint) xl+ x2 0 8 000 (finishing constraint) 12 C] 3000 (market constraint) (9-10) Observation of Figure 9-6 reveals that the previous solution still holds: xl=6000, x2=2000, net profit = $16 000. Although the new constraint has reduced the size of the solution set, it has had no impact on the optimum solution. Spreadsheet

Reading Response to Poem To Waken an Old Lady by William Carlos Williams

Reading Response to Poem To Waken an Old Lady by William Carlos Williams Reading Response to Poem To Waken an Old Lady by William Carlos Williams To Waken an Old Lady is a poem that was authored by William Carlos Williams. The poem essentially focuses on the aspect of old age. Therefore, the writer utilizes numerous bookish tools so as to construct the poem. In my experience of reading the poem I got attracted to the manner in which the author presented the poem the use of literary devices actually affected my experience. The use aspects of content, language and form were of greatest significance in the entire poem. Other literary devices have also been used in the construction of the poem. The elements used greatly affected my response to the poem, in its entirety. The literary devices employed by the author of the poem actually affected my response to the poem. Furthermore, they made me to focus more on one aspect of the poem than the others. I was significantly drawn to the aspect of old age and its prevalent connotations. This is due to the manner in which the author applied the literary elements all through. I cannot deny the great relevance of the above elements on my experience. William Carlos Williams makes great use of several elements in the presentation of the poem. Some of these elements are language, form and content. First of all I was greatly attracted to the aspect of content. The author chose to narrow down to old age as the essential content of the poem. Actually it activated me as I read through the poem. I just appreciate their use through out the reading. The language used by the author was both poetic and simple. This served two purposes at the same time. First was the fact that the poetic language made it possible for the poem to be appealing first as a text and second as a medium of communication. Subsequently, the language was simple enough to be comprehended by the reader. The use of literacy elements by William Carlos Williams in the construction of the poem, To Waken an Old Lady is inherently commendable. The form of the poem was great and played a great role in making my response to the poem. I tended to focus on the nature of the form employed by the author on the presentation of old age through symbolism. This constituted a key cause that manipulated my reading experience as well as my response. It actually changed my perception of the poem. Generally, the application of the several elements in the poem was of great magnitude not merely in the expansion of the poem, but towards the reading experience and response. William Carlos Williams, To Waken an Old Lady is a poem that focuses on the aspect of old age. Having read through the poem, my reading, and response experience was inherently influenced by the numerous literary devices and elements used by the author. As a result, the use of language, form and content were of great significance to the presentation of the entire poem. Actually it made me to focus primary on the prevalence of old age. This was due to the fact that old age was symbolized in several elements that the author employed in the construction of the poem.

Procedural justice versus substantive justice Research Paper

Procedural justice versus substantive justice - Research Paper Example Substantive justice follows laws that define, regulate and create the obligations of certain parties, which should be carried or no carried out towards others meaning that this form of justice falls under the cause of action, but not proactive. This is such that individuals bring forth their issues to the bodies charged with the responsibility to safeguard and ensure that the obligations set for the people are followed. As such, substantive justice ensures and creates opportunities for people whose rights have been violated to present their grievances, but not to prevent this violation. Thus, it serves as a form of punitive measure to see to it that those who fail to honor their part of the bargain in relation to following a defined code and obligation face justice (Sandefur, n.d). Substantive justice applies mainly in the issue of rights, where there remains controversy as to how one can define rights under a justice system, since its origin lies in the term â€Å"due process of th e law.† Following this development in substantive justice, it is applied in the issue of rights, as a distinct characteristic in rights does not appear in other forms of law or justice. In rights, they are defined and one is obliged to pay attention to them lest they end up violating their own rights or even those of others. Substantive justice, therefore, sets guidelines within which one conducts oneself and binds one actions to the consequences. Based on the history of substantive justice as the due process of the law, guidelines ensure that there exists a definition of terms or procedures through which one must go through in order for certain events to take place. Substantive justice also sets the circumstances under which things are done and failure to which certain consequences are issued, as it provides a diverse framework, which creates the conditions that people relate to each other and how people relate with the government. It also sets out how an individual is respon sible for everything that he or she engages in, as substantive justice offers definitions , regulations and obligations to govern the above said relationships. To build more on the relationships between people and the government, it is important to look into the role of substantive justice in seeing to it that the government carries out its responsibilities or obligations. Concerning this, substantive justice creates a clear distinction between valid laws and invalid ones, which acts as a means of discerning, that which is rights and that which is wrong according to the actions of the government towards its people. Substantive justice calls for a clear definition of these standards, where those charged with the responsibility of justice are bound to come up with standards of generality, regularity, fairness, rationality and public orientation. The above is meant to apply to the activities of the people towards each other and the government towards its people, as well as the people t owards governance, which is a form of prohibition of abuse of power against the people by the government and the people towards the government (Sandefur, n.d). This is due to the high possibility of using public interests for personal gain or ends, which is common in an arbitral nature of the law, and that explains the role of substantive justice. One of the benefits of this law is its definitive nature, where it sets clear stipulations against

Public Relations Situation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Relations Situation - Assignment Example They could also sound offensive depending on choice of words used in relation to the culture of the target audience. It should be noted that cultural diversity encompasses differences in language, religion, beliefs, social aspects, race and ethnicity as noted by Chia and Synnott (2009). Some of these factors are easy to change and some are not. This means that the public relations professionals should be able to adjust to the cultural aspects of the various audiences of an organisation. Grunig and Toth (2006) explain that they should be able to demonstrate an awareness, understanding and sensitivity to their cultures and interactions between the various cultures. It should also be noted that the audience in public relations are more fluid and this requires adequate response to this. This can only be achieved if there is sufficient flexibility among public relations to adapt to a changing world. Effective public relations professionals or departments are those that have recognised and acknowledged the important fact that discrimination is unhealthy for business. They should also have recognised the importance of taking advantage of a multi-cultural communities and how fast this opportunity is growing. Hain (2008) points out that if public relations professionals or departments were to realise this, they would be able to enable their firms or clients to exploit the cultural diversity in their society or target region. As noted in the introduction, situation analysis is where an organisation evaluates the main communication issues it faces. An awareness in cultural diversity increases the competency of public relations practitioners to note these issues and advice organizations on how to respond... The paper makes a conclusion that each organisation has its own expectations, values and beliefs that shape its public relations. Cultural awareness among public relations practitioners is therefore important in ensuring that the messages they give about the organisation responds to cultural diversity while maintaining consistency with the beliefs, values and expectations of the organisation. For example if organization believes in and values a diverse workforce, then the organisation’s public relations department will have more authority to include practitioners from varied backgrounds and standpoints. The paper approves that multicultural awareness increases the professional relevance of public relations practitioners. It also markets them due to increasing demand by many companies to appeal to the local and global multicultural communities. The paper describes the main thing behind variations in culture is differences in perspectives leading to differences in preferences. This makes cultural awareness a critical competency among public relations practitioners and the public relations department personnel. The awareness of cultural diversity increases the professional relevance of public relations practitioners because of the increasing diversity both in the local and international communities. In order to gain a competitive advantage and increase their market shares, public relations firms takes advantage of the growing cultural diversity and targets or hires people of immigrant origin.