Plan an Intervention Strategy

I am writing about case Scenario 1. This is a referral made by the GP of a 72 year old Punjabi lady, Jameela, to the older person's team. She has increasing care needs and is cared for by her Daughter-in-law, Farah, who has become increasingly depressed and unable to cope. She has two children, the younger of which has learning difficulties. The GP has spoken with Majid, the husband suggesting that his mother should go into a home and asking him to discuss this with his mother. This is a close knit family with culturally based family values which are resulting in tensions and conflict between Jameela, Majid and Farah, his wife. It is human nature that we all form our own opinions, beliefs and values but these personal values can cause problems as a social worker. According to Banks (2006, p. 6): ‘Values are particular types of belief that people hold about what is regarded as worthy or valuable'. It is important that I am consciously aware of my own views and opinions and challenge them so that they do not interfere with my treatment of all service users. It is my duty to not allow my individual beliefs, for instance my own religious beliefs and values may cause me to have stereotypical views about the Muslim/Sikhism religions and beliefs of my service users in this scenario. This could lead to assumptions about the service users' family values and lead to the possibility that I may let my own beliefs influence how I act with this family and I may subconsciously discriminate against this family on this basis. It is important for me to identify and challenge my own stereotypes to achieve anti-discriminatory practice positively with my service users. My service users will all be individuals with their own make-up, as indeed I am myself and irrespective of both my own and my service users race, ethnicity, nationality, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, mental or physical disability, political or religious beliefs I need to be non-judgemental, respectful and not allow my own values to cause discrimination and prejudice to any person. This is using the important social work value of unconditional positive regard. ‘There is recognition that personal and agency values may conflict and that the worker as a person has a moral responsibility to make decisions about these conflicts'. Banks, S. 2006,p. 150) In agencies there may also be different attitudes and values to our own and social work values and it is important for me to challenge these values so they do not affect the fairness of treatment to my service users. For example an organisation with predominantly female staff may not be aware of the views and opinions that they appear to have are creating sexism towards male members of the team and may also interfere with the fair treatment of service users leading to discrimination. It is important for me to have a non-judgemental attitude and to not judge any members of the family or treat them as being responsible for their problems or needs. There are many concerns from this referral; Majid is the point of referral from the GP and not the main service user, Jameela. This is disrespectful and disempowering to Jameela taking away from Jameela the control over her own life and decisions of her own. This referral is not promoting good practice where we would give Jameela the right to make her own informed decision and to take part in the decision making process. Kant's moral principle of the categorical imperative: ‘I ought never to act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal law'. (Kant, 1984, p. 88) Which means that we should treat other people in the way we feel all people should treat each other. By suggesting that she be taken into a home is treating her as a means to an end or a solution to the difficult family situation. Kant's philosophies focus on respect for persons and valuing them as human beings which influenced the social work value of respect. BASW (2002, p2, 3) states that practice should promote human dignity and worth, giving every one individual value and respect and a right to self-fulfilment and control over their own lives. As part of the process of getting to know this family it will become apparent that the actions of each adult family member are affecting others. As a social worker I have a moral obligation and responsibility to work with the family to help improve the resulting conflicts. Majid by showing loyalty to both his wife and mother may be contributing to the problem as he is unwilling to acknowledge the views his mother holds about his wife and this in turn will increase Farah's depression as she can't talk to anyone about this. A utilitarian act focuses on working for a greater good or the action which benefits the majority. In this case to promote the idea, to Majid, of taking Jameela into a care home for a temporary period initially to allow Farah to recover and to improve family relationships between Majid, the children and herself. Farah is in the position of least power in this family and this is largely due to the cultural and social expectations within the family, therefore she is probably unable to speak for herself, feeling oppressed which may have caused her to internalise her experiences and feelings and contributed to her depression. The emancipatory movements of the 1960s and 1970s where oppressed groups such as women, rebelled and fought for social justice such as the right to study at university, to have equal rights in the workplace has helped to raise awareness and influence the emancipatory values in social work practice. These values encourage us to promote social justice and consider the inequalities that Farah has, also that she is struggling to cope with the responsibilities of her Punjabi family traditional culture and values. It would be important to consider virtue ethics, and to demonstrate that as social workers we have good character traits of truthfulness, honesty. Integrity, knowledge and that we act justly and in a trustworthy manner with all members of this family. There is also an element of seeking and appreciating the character traits or virtues of all members of the family and the good things about them, without judging their actions. In trying to form a professional judgement, as part of the process of undertaking an assessment, I would analyse the dilemmas in this scenario and be guided by the moral philosophies already mentioned which have in turn helped to underpin the social work values that we aspire to and the BASW and the GSCC codes of ethics which guide our professional practice. Banks, (2006,p8) describes : ‘Ethical dilemma- a choice between two equally unwelcome alternatives relating to human welfare'. This relates to one of the ethical dilemmas in this scenario being that Jameela's self determination is having a negative effect on Farah and an indirect effect on the children, also Majid who is colluding with his mother. ‘Self-determination of service users'. (BASW, 2002, 4, 1, 3) States that we should help to make informed decisions and promote a person's autonomy provide it doesn't conflict with their safety or rights of others. There is a conflict between the needs of Jameela as opposed to the rights of Farah and her own need for autonomy. I would help Farah to recognise her rights as a carer and explain the implications of this. (GSCC, 2002, 3. 1) says that: ‘Promoting the independence of service users and assisting them to understand and exercise their rights'. The balance needs to be addressed between Farah and Jameela's needs by limiting Jameela's self determination but still allowing her to give informed consent, with the intention of reaching informed decisions of a joint nature with the agreement of Majid and Farah. However, I do feel this is going to take a lot of sensitive discussion with all family members to help achieve harmony and agreement on the best solution for all. Although it may be necessary still to collaboratively make the difficult decision or choice of action to place Jameela in a care home, which may be unwelcome to her and thus compromising her rights, a further ethical dilemma. S. Banks(2006 p48) says: Yet while the social worker may be able to focus largely on one individual service user and take on the role of advocate for the service users rights, often the social worker has to take into account the rights of significant others in a situation. In the interests of justice it may not always be morally right to promote the service users rights at the expense of those of others'. This is in accord with my own conclusions for this scenario and the moral dilemma it has created by putting the rights of Farah, Majid and their children before Jameela. On considering all the options this would be for the greater good and benefit the majority. ‘Cultural awareness'. (BASW, 2002, 4, 1, 6) As there are many cultural expectations on family members, in particular Farah and the responsibilities and duties it places on her; it is important for me to not impose westernised values on this family but to be aware of their cultural values, beliefs and customs. I would obtain a working knowledge of this individual family beliefs and culture, paying attention also to communication barriers and use an interpreter if needed. Radical position and praxis could be used with effect to set up a day care centre to help Jameela and other elderly Punjabi members of this community, to help social inclusion of Jameela and others. Using praxis to reflect then act we could evaluate the service we have provided , its strengths and weaknesses and improve the service and expand it further to meet the needs of Punjabi members of the community. There is a power struggle within this family with Jameela having the greater and Farah the least power. As a social worker we have the power to influence the lives of our service users. I would use my power to give information and available choices to all the members of this family to help them participate in the overall decision making process. It would be very important to try to help them to see the individual needs of other family members in a sensitive way without apportioning blame. By valuing the difference and the cultural identity of this family this would empower them and give them acceptance and equality, creating an opportunity for them to have choices in their lives. Thompson uses a Personal, Cultural and Structural (PCS) model to help understand discrimination and oppression that can result from it. There are three levels which interrelate; the personal area looks at the psychological aspects of discrimination and how personal experiences will become apparent in our attitudes. The cultural aspect of the model is about what are perceived as the norms in society and the shared beliefs of society about what is right and wrong. The structural section of the model is making reference to the structure of society and includes within it media, religion and government (Thompson, 2006). I should consider the inequalities and discrimination that this family may face and how these may impinge on their lives. As a social worker it would be my role to counteract the effects of oppression by focusing on both Jameela and Farah so they could gain control of their own lives, as they may feel disempowered by their situation so by adopting an anti- oppressive approach this would aim to empower them both. My own personal learning resulting from this scenario has been a reflection of my own character, my own values, personal beliefs and the importance of not allowing them to impact on the service offered to service users. By reflecting on my previous working experience I have realised that I do actually adhere unknowingly to many of the philosophical principles that have underpinned the value base in social work. I have always treated all persons with respect, acceptance as individuals in their own right irrespective of their make-up or heritage (Kantism). I have the belief that there is some good in everyone although it is not always apparent (Virtue ethics). I am always non- judgemental and sensitive to cultural identity and aware of the diversity of all people. The subject of ethics and the moral dilemmas that will occur in practice will be a challenge for me and all social workers I do believe on an ongoing basis. Learning how to empower people and to increase their own strengths and coping abilities is a theory for me to learn how to apply in practice situations. The importance of this to me as a future social worker is to ensure I acknowledge the power I will have, to always be reflective and consider evidence-based practice, to be a non-biased worker and to give all service users unconditional positive regard to create a safe and trusting environment so service users can express themselves.

Learning theorists Essay

In most cases, the more students use construction to understand new material-the more they use what they already know to help them understand and interpret the material-the more effectively they will store it in long-term-memory. Different people often construct different meanings from the same stimuli, in part because they each bring their own unique experiences and knowledge bases to the same situation. For example, when the â€Å"Rocky† passage on page 267 was used in an experiment with college students, physical education majors frequently interpreted it as a wrestling match, but music education majors (most of whom had little or no knowledge of wrestling) were more likely to think that it was about a prison break. Furthermore, people often interpret what they see and hear based on what they expect to see and hear. Prior knowledge and expectations are especially likely to influence learning when new information is ambiguous. As teachers, we will find our students constructing their own idiosyncratic meanings and interpretations for virtually all aspects of the classroom curriculum. For example, as the Rocky exercise illustrates, the activity of reading is often quite constructive in nature: Students combine the ideas that they read with their prior knowledge and then draw logical conclusions about what the text is trying to communicate. So, too, will we find constructive processes in subject areas like math, science, and social studies. When we want our students to interpret classroom subject matter in particular ways, we must be sure to communicate clearly and unambiguously, so that there is little room for misinterpretation. Retrieval isn’a always an all-or-nothing phenomenon. Sometimes we retrieve only certain parts of whatever information we are looking for in long-term memory. In such situations, we may construct our â€Å"memory† of an event by combining the tidbits we can retrieve with our general knowledge and assumptions about the world. Were you able to retrieve the missing letters from your long-term memory? If not, then you may have found yourself making reasonable guesses, using either your knowledge of how the words are pronounced or your knowledge of how words in the English language are typically spelled. For example, perhaps you used the I before e except after c rule for word 4; if so, then you reconstructed the correct spelling of retrieval. Perhaps you used your knowledge that ance is a common word ending. Unfortunately, if you used this knowledge for word 2, then you spelled existence incorrectly. Neither pronunciation nor typical English spelling patterns would have helped you with hors d’oeuvre, a term borrowed from French. When people fill in the gaps in what they’ve retrieved based on what seems â€Å"logical,† they often make mistakes-a form of forgetting called reconstruction error. Our own students sometimes will fall victim to reconstruction error, pulling together what they can recall in ways that we may hardly recognize. If important details are difficult to fill in logically, we must make sure our students learn them well enough that they can retrieve them directly from their long-term memories.

Contract Negotiations in Business Law Case Study

Contract Negotiations in Business Law - Case Study Example The second error that is challenged by the insurance company is the circuit court's judgment affirming the defenses lodged by Jones and Lee-Curtis. The second assignment of error is dispositive. The dispute actually rests on the query as to whether Augusta Mutual's adjusted third-party motion for judgment affirmed unjust claims for fraud in the inducement and/or breach of fiduciary duty. It may also be that as Jones and Lee-Curtis challenge, which the insurance company tried to change what was in fact a breach of contract claim into actionable tort claims. The principles guiding the trial court's review is based on a judgment sustaining demurrers are well established. "The purpose of a demurrer is to determine whether a motion for judgment states a cause of action upon which the requested relief may be granted." Tronfeld v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 272 Va. 709, 712, 636 S.E.2d 447, 449 (2006) (citing Welding, Inc. v. Bland County Serv. Auth., 261 Va. 218, 226, 541 S.E.2d 909, 913 (2001)). "A demurrer tests the legal sufficiency of facts alleged in pleadings, not the strength of proof." Glazebrook v. Board of Supervisors, 266 Va. 550, 554, 587 S.E.2d 589, 591 (2003). Actually, in this case Jones when he signed the report he did it intentionally to get a commission for himself and Lee-Curtis and thus he misrepresented material

Policy Competition for Foreign Direct Investment Case Study

Policy Competition for Foreign Direct Investment - Case Study Example Multinational companies have an upper hand on governments in developing nations. The developing nations have the need to grow. They need large multinationals to stimulate economic growth. This country is rich in oil, a valuable resource. The multinational company dictated the terms of operation in that country. The government agreed to these terms at the expense of the citizens. (Oman 78) This shows weakness in the government. The politicians are more driven by short horizon policies that achieve economic growth and are blind to the long run impact on citizens and the economy. The agreement was made between the company and the politicians. Most politicians do not have the relevant skills to make such decisions as oil exploration. Multinationals take advantage of the illiteracy levels in developing nations to get ahead in business. They are, after all, large private companies whose priority is to make profits. In achieving this objective, it created employment for the locals. Increase d income of the local employees improved their living standards. The host country GDP improved as a result of the Chevron operations. These are the benefits that the previous government sought to achieve. ... The government is in a position to set up public hospitals and dispensaries to take care of the local community health needs. This case shows the failure of eh government in setting its priorities straight. It also indicates a lack of national sovereignty. The multinational dictates its terms of operations in that country. This s was done to favor its own objectives. The government in a developing nation is powerless in the presence of a large multinational. Who protects such governments? Where were the World Bank and the UN? The safety of people, the environment and national sovereignty should be the responsibility of many bodies and not just the government. (Oman 112) The multinational in this case has failed in the following ways. First, it overlooked the global environmental laws that require proper waste management. It used its power and resources to manipulate the previous government into agreeing to its terms of service and keeping quiet on the harm the company caused. As a re sponsible company, it should have engaged in some corporate social responsibility. This includes but is not limited to treating waste before disposal, construction of a health unit to address the community health needs. Chevron management ignored all these. The current government realized the problem in the previous arrangement. Unlike the past weaker government, it has gone ahead and sued the company. The refusal of the state to settle is a clear indication of the care it has for its citizens. Although the company sues the state for negative publicity, the company is on a losing battle from moral ethics stand. A mistake was done; it should have e been addressed in all ways possible.

Medical Intervention with the Disease of Osteoarthritis Essay

Medical Intervention with the Disease of Osteoarthritis - Essay Example Scientific investigations have clarified that the disease of osteoarthritis is common in older people following years of wear-and-tear that thin the cartilage and the bones (Davis 1988). Osteoarthritis can also result from diseases in which there is softening of the bone, like Puget's disease in which the long bones of the body curve like a bow, or osteoporosis with its bowing of the shoulder called "dowager's hump," or other bone degeneration (Hammerman 1989). Other forms of arthritis can also cause a secondary osteoarthritis. Despite what many have been told, osteoarthritis is not an inevitable problem of aging. Those who don't suffer from it may have their heredity and possibly the strength of their immune systems to thank. Medical science is not quite sure of all the factors that come into play in deciding who gets osteoarthritis and who doesn't. As was mentioned, osteoarthritis creates a formation of spurs of bone to form in the locations where the disease is most prevalent, oft en in the back of the neck, spinal column, and knees but in various other locations as well; as the research will continue to point out (Brandt 1988). This ultimately leads to restricted movement due to the destruction of the cartilage and causes inflammation and pain in the areas the disease targets. Arthritis alone is simply medically known as a swellin... d by the inflammation and the breakdown of cartilage around the joints which makes it far more complex than the basic form of arthritis itself (Hammerman 1989). Cartilage is the shock absorbing material between joints. The weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine, as well as the hands, are the joints most often affected by osteoarthritis. These joints are under much greater stress because of additional weight and continuous use (lifting, sports, support, and movement). The concern that too much physical activity may lead to osteoarthritis is on the rise also (Davis 1988). Specialists who work with patients who have this disease now claim that too much physical activity can lead to osteoarthritis since "the continuous stress that physical activity places on the joints can result in micro trauma and degeneration of the articular cartilage" (Davis 1988). Osteoarthritis is also known as degenerative arthritis. Among the over 100 different types of arthritic conditions, os teoarthritis is the most common, affecting over 15 million people in the United States (Hammerman 1989). Before age 45, osteoarthritis occurs more frequently in males. After age 55 years, it occurs more frequently in females. Most cases of osteoarthritis have no known cause, and are called primary osteoarthritis (Brandt 1988). When the cause of the osteoarthritis is known, the condition is called secondary osteoarthritis. Primary osteoarthritis is mostly related to aging. After prolonged use of joints, the cartilage begins to degenerate by flaking or forming tiny crevasses. In advanced cases, there is a total loss of the cartilage cushion between the bones of the joints. Loss of cartilage cushion causes friction between the bones, leading to pain and minimized movement of the

Groups and Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Groups and Teams - Essay Example d 20 in forming stage (the initial stage of the team when they are high dependant on other factors such as leader, company, atmosphere, rules and regulations), 22 in storming stage (it is the stage when the members of the team are not sure about their goals, they are familiar with each other but they are not making much progress), 28 in norming stage (a stage where there are arguments and discussion but they are resolved after through work and exercise, the goals have to be achieved with some difficulty and it is hard to bifurcate between the what has to be done and what is the team doing) and 30 in performing stage (a most stable stage in which the team is well aware about the goals and has the ways to achieve them). According to the test taken it has been proven that our team is in the performing stage. It is a stage when the team is clearer about their goals and objectives. The team has a proper vision that they follow. The team is more focused in achieving their goals. The message is clear and in unity, there are certain discussions on various topics but they don’t turn into arguments that can result in a negative impact on the group’s performance. Team work is highly complicated and complex matter, and they need to be handled in a much efficient manner to achieve the desired goals (Chapman, 2013). Each individual in a team has to be understood accordingly and instead of managing them collectively they need to manage individually. Each member had to be given the work that suits their abilities to the best, had to ensure a balance between the work and no discrimination is made between the works distributed. Good teams are formed by good leaders and good leaders. A good leader is a person who is not insecure of his teamwork, understands the responsibilities, ensures that his team is also appreciated in their work and rewarded accordingly. A good team leader is a person who can motivate his employee, and create respect for himself. Where the employees are

Company is on Marriott International and how they market to consumers Term Paper

Company is on Marriott International and how they market to consumers on the internet - Term Paper Example Marriott International website has been professionally designed. The web site has been decorated beautiful pictures of tourists enjoying themselves at the hotel. Customers can immediately identify the destination that suit their tastes and preferences by looking at the pictures displayed. The website links and menus have been well organized into Marriot hotel brands, careers, travel agents, group partners, shopMarriot, affiliates and mobile and many more colorful and attractive links. In addition, the writings on the website are visible, they have been written using visible fonts and designs that are attractive to customers (Marriot, 2012). Customers can access the website through the facebook sign up and login link. Marriott International is also available through twitter. Customers can email or ask a question to the Marriott International customer service through the website. Further, the website gives opportunity to customers to book accommodation online. Customers can by book accommodation through PayPal, MasterCard and visa by placing their orders online; they can also view the status of their order by entering their email and a confirmation number (Marriot, 2012). Marriot international has recently unveiled internet distribution and growth strategies aimed at reaching several tourists as possible. The company has put in place measures to ensure that customers get the best room price when they use their website for reservations. Internet marketing is instrumental to the company because it ensures that 8 percent of the total room nights are sold (Maandag, 2008). The site creates a positive customer experience since they can get attractive discounts. Tourists are able to get 40% off fall travel when they book early. Tourists can also locate hotels in various cities around the world; this is possible through the â€Å"find hotel† interface in the website. Further, the company has introduced

Gender Differences in Academic Underachievement Research Paper

Gender Differences in Academic Underachievement - Research Paper Example Methods 10 Participants 10 Design and procedure 10 Data analysis 10 Summary 11 References 12 1. Introduction Background Secondary and high school students in US, UK and other countries have been witnessing an increasing drop in educational achievement of boys when compared to girls. In some of the school settings, research has found that girls outperformed boys in English more than in other subjects (Bush, 2005). While there may be many reasons for underachievement of both, it is more prevalent with performance of boys rather than that of girls. More boys who underachieve in GCSE test in the UK are found to fail or underachieve in the elementary too. It is likely that boys are four times prone to underachieve than girls of the same age. There is an ‘anti-education culture’ (Paton, 2007) gaining acceptance among ‘the lads’, particularly in the working class boys who develop a ‘counter-school culture’ in terms of ‘hegemonic masculinityâ€⠄¢ in which the teachers are also found to be accomplices to an extent (Abraham, 2008). Patterns of interaction among underachieving boys and girls are also similar as boys tend to develop anti-education culture more prominent in the early years while girls develop similar behavioural traits at later stages (Myhill, 2002). A study by AUT University in Auckland reveals that more teenage boys, as high as 72 percent, are underachieving and are over-represented in suspension and stand down rates than girls. Also, 10 percent more of girls are entering university when compared to boys (Boys underachieving in school and overrepresented in suspensions, 2009). Although, there has been a general disparity between girls and boys attending primary education in many countries across the globe, over the last three decades, the intervention of Commonwealth has ensured equality in education and gender parity. This has led to increased participation among girls on par with boys. However, underachiev ement in education by boys is a serious concern faced by almost all countries and is inevitably compared with participation and performance of girls (Jha and Kelleher, 2006). Need for the Study Motivation techniques for underachieving students, which section, is dominated by boys are to be identified to tackle the problem of underachievement in education by boys. It may be that the issue of underachievement is blown out of proportion by a section of the organization or media but the problem remains. Several researchers have tried to understand the reasons behind the anti-education culture exhibited by boys but somewhere down the line, there is a lack of clarity on the nature of problem and the necessary remedies that need to be included in addressing the issue on hand. Statement of the Problem The purpose of this study is to understand the reasons behind underachievement in education by boys. It is to be understood at what stage, boys who underachieve start to show behavioural or pe rformance symptoms. Gender differences and their influencing factors will also have to be related to understand the anti-education culture that boys are found to exhibit. It is also important to understand what solutions can be obtained in this regard and to what extent are they measureable. Limitations This study is limited in scope as it focuses on understanding gender differences and differences in educational performance in the different levels or forms. Although reasons for

Time Management and Success Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Time Management and Success - Research Paper Example These include setting of goals, planning, delegation, allocation, time analysis, organizing, monitoring, prioritization, and scheduling. In the school setting, time management is extremely crucial for the school to satisfy the organizational goals and objectives. Time management is a tool that determines the project completion and the scope to which a project is done. It helps teachers in satisfying the goals and objectives of the students. When students and teachers on activities that deal with instrumental responsibilities use most of the school time, then, achievement of the student would be influenced positively. In this respect, time management is paramount for the success of any school. This paper explores a report on the impact of time management on the success of a school. Statement of the Problem. The study examined the impacts of time management on the success of a school. In many schools, teachers experience the challenge of accountability and high-stakes testing, that has a massive effect on the success and achievement of the learners. The increased responsibilities towards the profession are one great influence to the time spends on learning activity. School administrators, on the other hand, have the responsibility of policy formulation or a program administration. This means that they have an entitlement to all benefits, rights, and burdens brought about by appropriate management of time. ... School administrators should, therefore, take into consideration the impacts of time management on instructional time for them to satisfy their goals of increasing the achievement of students. Research Questions The following research questions will direct the quantitative section of the study: 1. Is there any there any influence of time management on the success of students? 2. Is there a correlation between the time management skills of the teacher’s and student achievement? The following questions will direct the qualitative section of the study: 1. What are the effects of management of time on the performance of students? 2. How does time management correlates with the performance of the students? Purpose of the Study The key purpose of the research was to give out insight regarding the link between time management skills and student achievement. Through the analysis of the skills of time management skills and the academic performance of the students, as given by studentâ €™s scores on Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS), Knowledge could be obtained on the relationship between time management skills of a teacher and the success of the student. The study was conducted to examine the relevance of time management on academic performance hence provide an appropriate solution for increasing the performance of learners in schools. Importance of the Study The success of this study is vital because it is will provide a powerful tool of increasing the performance of learners in a school. The study examines whether time management skills play a factor in the success of student. The existence of any correlation between time management and student’s success will give room for

CIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS - Essay Example The practical case problem presented is that of a software corporation called Virtusa which released a software program application for its client. In this case scenario, the Phase Forward circumstance use of the software failed within a few days and the program subsequently did not work according to the end user (clients) requirements expectations of the software. The software program had to undergo some additional inspection as the resultant outcome of the failure through delivering the entire requirements and expectations analysis of the software program end user. 5. A sort key defines the sort order for one or more components related to a specific field; the field would make a good candidate for a sort key because it is can be used to categorize order student information in the database according to registration numbers. Tchier, Fairouz, Latifa Ben Arfa Rabai, and Ali Mili. "Putting engineering into software engineering: Upholding software engineering principles in the classroom."  Computers in Human Behavior  48 (2015):

Evolution of Management Thinking Essay Example for Free

Evolution of Management Thinking Essay It was an era where so many alterations in the world Economy took place. In the closing decades of the 19th century there was a quest of seeking innovative ways to increase organizational efficiency and effectiveness. The Scientific Management Theory initiated on the basis of that. In this period of time crafts production was substituted by large factories in which a lot of technical revolutions have been taking place. The owners and managers were not capable of coping to these challenges therefore they hunted for advanced techniques to overcome this situation. As a solution the concepts of Job Specialization and division of labour came about. In this scenario workers who specialized in their respective tasks became more skilled. The Scientific Management Theory Fredrick W. Taylor was the architecture of the concept Scientific Management, â€Å"The systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency†. It was believed that the most effective and efficient division of labour could best be determined by the concept of Scientific Management. There were four core principles in this concept. * Investigation and experimentation on organization performance * Codification of new methods/standards * Selection of employees according to codified standards * Establishing a level of performance and a pay system with rewards In 1910 most of the organizations were using this concept but selectively. Even though there was an increase in performance some disputes about this concept lead to an increase in trade union involvement. There were some major issues in this concept. * Availability of fewer jobs * Job dissatisfaction * Distrust among employees and employers. Some organizations redesigned the principles according to their vision. For example introduction of moving conveyer belts in Henry Ford’s factory can be taken in to consideration. However these approaches were not able to solve the emerged issues. Nevertheless Taylor’s work had a lasting effect on management production systems. Frank Gilbreth and Lillian Gilbreth who were the successors of Taylor studied how the working environment influences the performance of the employees. They made a heavy contribution in time-and-motion study. They demonstrated that by following arrangements organizations can solve their issues effectively. * Breaking up each job action into its components. * Finding better ways to perform the action. * Reorganizing each job action to be more efficient Administrative Management Theory Researchers attempted to discover how to create an organizational structure that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness. Theory of Bureaucracy was developed by Max Weber as a succession of these researches. Bureaucracy is basically a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. There were several principles in this theory. Weber identified several factors there should be in a bureaucracy system. Simultaneously Henry Fayol identified 14 principles that should be vital to increasing the efficiency of the management process according to his perspective. These studies of Fayol and Weber laid the foundation of modern management theory. Behavioural Management Theory This is the study of how managers should behave in order to motivate employees and encourage them to strive towards high levels of performance as an organization. In the previous theory there wasn’t a major concern about the employee viewpoint. Thus Mary Farker Follett explained why it is important to think about the human side of management. According to the studies of Follett managers should behave as coaches and facilitators –not as monitors and supervisors and the importance of direct inter communication between managers of different departments to make speedy decisions. She also promoted the concept of â€Å"cross functioning† which has been used in a great scale at present. Hawthorne effect is the discovery that a manager’s behaviour and leadership approach can affect the level of performance of employees. From this study emerged the concept of human relations movement. It is basically how the supervisors should be behaviourally trained to spice up worker’s motivation, cooperation and increase their productivity. Informal organization is one of the implications of Hawthorne effect. This is the system of behavioural rules and norms that come out in a group. The study of factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups react to in organizations has been identified as the organizational behaviour. Apart from these mentioned here the most significant approach was developed by Douglas McGregor. He supposed two different sets of assumptions which were named as Theory X and Theory Y. Management Science Theory This is a modern extension of Scientific Management Theory in this approach describes how precise quantitative techniques can be used in order to make the best use of organizational resources. Quantitative management emphasises on how arithmetic can be manipulated to achieve best practises in inventory and financial capital control. Operations management presents a set of techniques that can be utilized to improve production efficiency Total quality management focuses on the art of how the whole can be managed to achieve excellence. Management information systems provide the managers with adequate information about internal and external events of an organization to effective decision making. Organizational Environment Theory This is the set of conditions and forces that functions externally to the organization but affect a manger’s capability to acquire and utilize resources. This clearly stresses on how important it is to study the environment. The open systems theory and contingency theory developed in 1960 ascertains the importance of the importance of studying the environment. The Open –Systems View This is a system where external resources are acquired and converted into goods and services then sent back to customers for purchasing. And the cycle carries on. This system is considered as an open system. Organizations which use a closed system are likely to experience entropy, the tendency of a system to lose its ability to control itself and thus to dissolve and collapse. Contigency Theory It discloses that there is no best way to organize therefore characteristics of the environment affect an organization’s ability to obtain resources. Types of structures Above describes the differences between the structures. In conclusion managers in a Mechanistic structure can obtain inputs at a lower cost preferably in a stable environment and managers in an organic environment can react more quickly in a rapidly changing environment. These contributions constructed the foundation of modern management theories. References: New Era of Management Concepts and Applications 2nd Edition Richard L. Daft, Vanderbilt University Contemporary Management fifth edition Gareth R. Jones, Texas A M University Jennifer M. George, Rice University

Mary Shelley novel Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelley novel Frankenstein Essay Once, Victor completes his creation of the being he finds him to be very repulsive and he feels it is impossible to love such a thing , His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black and flowing but these luxuries only formed a more horrid contrast. Instead of staying to understand why and how his experiment went so drastically wrong, or to take care of his creation, he runs away from his responsibilities with fear one hand wrenched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escape and rushed down stairs During Victors encounters with his creation he treats his creation with disrespect and hatred even though it was he who created this monster. Victor feels his creation is disdain and malignant, he also feels that his creatures ugliness rendered it almost too horrible for human eyes . During this time Victor is very childish in his opinions as he insults his creation it hasnt done anything wrong. But on the other hand, his creation tries to be civilized and reasonable. Victor tries using his intelligence to fight against the creature, as the creature defeats him in any imaginable physical aspect. But Victor underestimates the creatures true intelligence and understanding of life; the creature returns the fire back to Victor with his own degree of intelligence. This situation soon turns to Victor becoming seriously immature and irresponsible, as he tries to incorporate a verbal battle into the damage relationship between them unlike the creature who tries to civil. Initially Frankensteins creature is seen as aggressive and violent but this is only shown in the eyes of Victor Frankenstein. The creation is no portrayed a thoughtful and caring creature but this is overshadowed by his aggression which he only uses to emphasise is want for a father figure and a friend, so he looks to Frankenstein, his creature. Because of Frankensteins rejection the creature becomes more and more bitter and rejected and as a result becomes more violent and aggressive which is his way of portraying hatred towards Frankenstein. At this point of the novel the creature created by Frankenstein acts more adult-like than Frankenstein himself. I feel that Frankenstein should take responsibility for his own action and consider the consequences, and then reflect on these consequences, but he totally rejects the creature because of its appearance. The creation has learnt a lot of advanced knowledge in a short space of time, and has become more lingual than his creator, which shows that the creature could live alone in the world but it just needs a companion or a father figure to help him on the way. Victors tragic fate is sealed by his growing obsession to destroy his creation because of all the hurt it has caused him in the latter stages of the novel. As Victors obsession to destroy the monster grows he begins to have a role reversal as he becomes the outsider and the creature becomes the supremely intelligent one, now he experiences all the misery and hatred that the monster felt after he rejected him. This change is quite ironic as the creature and Victor switch roles. This ironic change also shows Frankenstein how he treated people at this time from this Victor learnt a very important lesson Treat others as you would like to be treated yourself . This change now begins to change Victors perspective on life, as he starts to feel guilty for what he has put his creation through, the torture and rejection. The guilt has now been emphasised by the hatred of Frankenstein of him self and his hatred of the creature. In conclusion the tragic fate of Victor Frankenstein is brought about by his own careless actions. Mary Shelley is showing us that the causes of Victors death were down to himself and his own actions. Victors careless pursuit of scientific knowledge is partly to blame for his fate as he never, until his monster was created thought about the consequences. Victors overstepping of human boundaries by defying God and going against nature is also partially to blame as, he again never considers the moral issues surrounding the recreation of people. Finally the main point of his fate was caused by his inability to love what he has given to live. Frankenstein only sees his creation for its inhuman looks and physical appearance, instead of the creatures personality and feelings; he only shows a one-dimensional view of the monster. Mary Shelley has given the novel a hidden message, this message is trying to put across the dangers of pride and egotism, as in the novel Victor feels that when he recreates life he will become world famous. The second message of this novel is that the careless use of science can become dangerous. Frankenstein not considering the consequences of his action is showing this careless use of science. Mary Shelley does not criticize this act of creation, but Victor is unwilling to accept responsibility, for his deeds. His creation only becomes a monster because of its rejection from humans and especially Victor Frankenstein. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Analysis of Grafting Techniques

Analysis of Grafting Techniques Procedure: In this method a split-thickness skin graft is harvested from the donor site, either thigh or buttocks. It is then meshed either manually or in an Ampligreffe or any other suitable meshing apparatus.[40,41] Meshing of the graft causes an expansion in its size to 4 or 6 times its original one. The meshed graft is then applied on the dermabraded recipient skin and bandaged as in any other form of tissue grafting. The main advantage of this technique is that the graft can take care of a vitiligo lesion that is 4-6 times that of its original size. Additionally meshing allows the graft to be applied on areas over joints and other areas with difficult contours. This technique is increasingly being practiced in India and is a simple, cost- effective procedure with good cosmetic results. Principle: In this technique of vitiligo, grafting the split-thickness or ultra-thin skin graft is cut or smashed into very small pieces and applied to the dermabraded recipient skin.[42,43] The donor: recipient ration is approximately 1:10. Procedure: A split-thickness or ultra-thin skin graft is first taken from the donor area preferably thigh or buttocks. It is then smashed/cut into thin pieces.The cutting process is continued till the graft is converted into a uniform mesh or paste. This mesh is then mixed with either hyaluronic acid or antibiotic ointments and is then spread evenly over the dermabraded recipient area as in any other form of tissue grafting.[42] The recipient area is then covered with a collagen dressing and this dressing is removed after 7-8 days. The advantage of this method is that a relatively larger area can be covered by a small sized graft. The results are almost similar to those achieved with non-culture epidermal cell suspension (NCES) technique. Additionally, no expensive reagents or laboratory support is required as in NCES procedure. Some difficult to treat areas like the hairy skin, the joints and bony prominences can also be treated with this technique. The disadvantage is that it is di fficult to spread the grafted tissue evenly on to the recipient area. Figures 34.7 and 34.8 shows good results with smash graft on joints. Three main cellular grafting techniques are described in the world literature. These are non-culture epidermal cell suspension technique, cultured melanocyte transplant and non-culture follicular suspension technique Synonyms: non culture melanocyte transplant, non-culture melanocyte-keratinocyte cell transplant (NCCT), basal cell suspension technique. Principle: The different cellular components of a STSG are separated and a suspension is prepared out of these cellular components. The suspension contains epidermal keratinocytes and melanocytes’ this is applied on to a dermabraded recipient area. The donor: recipient ration is 1:10. In this cellular grafting procedure a split-thickness skin graft is harvested from a suitable donor area and this is treated with 5 ml of Trypsin-EDTA solution for about 45-60 minutes in an incubator at 37 °C. This step separates the cells of the epidermis from the underlying dermis. The next step is the neutralization of Trypsin which is achieved either by using 2 ml of 0.5% trypsin inhibitor solution or washing the graft with DMEM or any other suitable medium repeatedly. The treated graft is then taken in a petridish with the epidermal side downwards and the dermal cells are teased out of the graft with forceps. The overlying dermal tissue is discarded and the solution with the cellular component is centrifuged for about 10 minutes at the end of which the cells pellet are seen suspended at the bottom of the centrifuge tube and the epidermal pieces are floating at the top, which is discarded. The cell pellet is then mixed with a about 0.8 ml of Dulbecco’s Modified Eagleâ₠¬â„¢s Medium (DMEM) medium (also called M2 melanocyte medium) and the suspension thus obtained is transferred to a 1 ml tuberculin syringe. After the recipient bed is created, the cell suspension is spread thinly and evenly with a spatula on to the dermabraded recipient skin after removing needle. The area is then dressed with collagen dressingto hold the transplanted cells and the dressings are removed after 1 week. As an alternative to the DMEM medium, patient’s own serum or hyaluronic acid can be used as it improves the viscosity of the cellular suspension.[53] This technique requires expensive laboratory equipment and is usually practiced only at research centres. Principle: It replenishes melanocytes selectively by creating a melanocyte rich suspension. The donor: recipient ration can be as high as 1:100 Procedure: The epidermis undergoes trypsinization and the melanocytes and keratinocytes are dissociated. The melanocytes are further seeded in a melanocyte medium containing growth factors and cultured over 15 to 30 days. The cultured melanocytes (free suspension or epidermal sheets) are then transplanted on to dermabraded recipient skin. This is a novel cellular graft technique by using the hair follicle outer root sheath cell for transplant. Cosmetic results obtained with this procedure are almost similar to those seen with NCES technique. Principle: This is another cellular grafting technique wherein the melanocytes present in the hair follicles are utilized in repigmenting resistant vitiligo. The outer root sheath of the hair follicle is a rich source of inactive melanocyte. Theseinactive melanocytes function as stem cells and hence can be harvested and used in vitiligo. Procedure: The procedure is almost similar to NCES technique but here extracted hair follicles are used instead of a split-thickness skin graft. The hair follicles can be extracted by the follicular unit extraction (FUE) method. The hair follicle is decontaminated by washing with antibiotics. Enzymatic dissociation of ORS is done by addition of trypsin and incubated at 37 C.Mechanical disruption of the ORS is done by vortexing and the ORS cells are separated from the hair shaft by a cell strainer. The dissociated cells are examined microscopically for viability and the cell suspension can be transplanted onto the prepared recipient site. This technique is in a nascent stage, however it has shown good repigmentation comparable to NCES . The surgical techniques discussed above have various advantages and disadvantages. (Table 34.3) [50, 58] Table 34.3: Advantages and Disadvantages of grafting techniques In addition to the grafting techniques, various other methods also have been used including tattooing, excision with primary closure and therapeutic wounding. Tattooing: In tattooing, artificial pigments are introduced into the depigmented lesions for permanent camouflage. This can be done with a hand held pin vise or an electrical device. Excision with primary closure: The depigmented areas are removed and the wound is sutured; this technique is useful for small vitiligo lesions. Therapeutic wounding: Wounding of the lesions stimulate the melanocytes from the periphery of the lesion as well as from the hair follicles which migrates and re-pigments the lesion. Various modalities which are used for therapeutic wounding include dermabrasion, laser ablation, cryosurgery, needling, and local application of phenol or trichloroacetic acid. [59] Besides the technical aspects of various procedures (detailed in the earlier section), the other important practical aspects include: Choice of technique (Which procedure should be performed, where and why?) General pre and post-operative considerations, Role of phototherapy, Complications and their management. The choice of technique depends on the dermatosurgeons’ skills, experience and the availability of facilities in the dermatosurgery set up. However, the factors which are considered while planning a vitiligo surgery also determine the choice of surgical technique employed. Based on these factors, an algorithmic approach to choosing an appropriate surgical technique in stable vitiligo can be evolved. (Illustration 34.3 In cases of pediatric segmental vitiligo, NCES is suitable. It can be followed by phototherapy for faster results. Tissue grafting techniques are usually not recommended due to constraints of immobility in this population subset. In adult, population both tissue grafting and cellular techniques can be employed based on the site and total area of depigmentation. Segmental and focal vitiligo are most amenable to surgical treatment. Amongst the non- segmental type, lesions located on the glabrous skin are suitable for surgical intervention. The acromucosal types are usually not responsive. The location of the lesion plays an important role in determining the choice of grafting technique. (Table 34.4) Table 34.4: Anatomical location and choice of grafting technique Small areas (1-4 cm) – All techniques work well in vitiligo involving small areas (1-4 cm) and technique should be chosen based on anatomical location and cost to the patient. In cases of large areas, NCES, smash or UTSG is preferred. The general pre and post-operative aspects have been outlined in Box 34.6. Specific pre and post-operative procedural aspects have been dealt with in the description of procedures. Box 34.6: General pre and post-operative aspects The role of phototherapy (narrow band UVB) post vitiligo surgery has been well demonstrated with various tissue grafting and cellular techniques. Phototherapy can be started within 1-2 weeks following surgery. Concurrent use of narrow band UVB exerts a stimulatory and proliferative effect on the grafted melanocytes; thus post- surgery phototherapy enhances and accelerates the repigmentation. In cases of UVB therapy which is initiated after split thickness skin grafting, repigmentation can occur within two weeks and a better colour match at the recipient site is seen. Repigmentation with cellular techniques has been observed within 3-4 weeks after surgery and can progress till 6 months and this can be enhanced with phototherapy. Use of excimer laser has also shown good results post punch grafting.

Ernest Hemingways Indian Camp Essay -- Ernest Hemingway, Indian Camp

Ernest Hemingway Indian Camp From a fishing trip the local doctor is summoned to an Indian village to assist a woman in labour. With him are his young son and an older male relative. Although all women helped the pregnant Indian woman, the men "moved off up the road". They want not to hear her screaming. The men are fed up with it. Maybe it is also an Indian ritual that only women are allowed to see the woman being in labour. The Indians are not interest in the childbirth. Hemingway brought a metaphor in: "dark". It shows that all is very hard and not allowed to see, that there are secrets maybe. So you see that the Indian men distance up from the pregnant woman making such big noise. They want silence and that everything is over now. In opposite to it the doctor, Nick's father, says:" But her screams are not important. I don't hear them because they are not important." It depend on his job. Probably he hears everyday such screams and it is nothing new to him, it is only the noise concerning the birth. So he does not care about it. Nick asks his father:" Oh, Daddy cannot you give her something to make her stop screaming?" Of course, the screams are no good and I think, Nick also cares about her and want that she has no much pain. But he understands what his father says and try to ignore it. Nick is a little boy who does not no how the pain of a labour is, so it is understandable. The physician assesses the situation in the closed, pungent hut and determines that his only option is section-with a pen knife and fishing leader as his instruments, and no anaesthesia for the Indian woman. It is the most primitive way of operation, you see. But the Indian woman has to grateful to have such big help by the ... ...e. When he saw the "throat" that "had been cut from ear to ear" he wants that Nick is going out, but he saw everything. The father was of course proud to have a baby with his wife, he loved, but the pain and the shame to know that he could not help was definitely to much for him. It is hard to judge about it, if it was okay to bring Nick with to the Indians. Of course it was a special event in his life. First he saw how life is born and how fast life is over. So he asked also "Is dying hard, Daddy?" The reader notice that the boy is thinking about it and want to get a satisfying answer. In this time being in the hut he saw a lot and I think that Nick needs time to digest it and realize it as well. The father thought that it was mistake, but maybe for the future is was not wrong to see the circle of life. And "he felt quite sure that he would never die".

Book Review of Fiddling for Norway: Revival and Identity, by Chris Goer

Missing Figures Book Review of Fiddling for Norway: Revival and Identity, by Chris Goertzen. After extensive field research in Norway, Chris Goertzen explores and sorts a folk genre, which by nature resists tidy taxonomy. Fiddling for Norway: Revival and Identity is a successful ethnographic documentation of a musical tradition that is learned primarily by insiders through oral/aural channels and by customary example. Implicitly he asks: how can a book culture audience understand a tradition that does not depend on notation for maintenance or transmission? Likewise, how might we classify a collection of such music? He begins by describing in detail how the revival of Norwegian fiddling took place in the later nineteenth century and what its dimensions and scope have been up to the present. Goertzen’s field methods include participant-observation of local and national fiddle contests in Norway, starting with a year-long stay, while teaching at the University of Trondheim in 1988-1989. He attended the District Fiddle Contest in 1988, the largest national fiddle contest for the normal fiddle, in Rà ¸ros. There he was able to hear and record players from around the country play two contrasting tunes each, which gave Goertzen a large collection to consider. He later returned to Norway during the summers of 1991 and 1993 and conducted interviews, made more field recordings, and mined the largest archive of music for the fiddle, Rà ¥det for Folkemusikk og Folkdans (the Council for Folk Music and Folk Dance), at the University of Trondheim for past interviews and field collections. Goertzen points out that the archival holdings privilege the oldest of musicians and repertories, indicating a belief of Norwegian scholars that â€Å"the pres... ...luable book with appeal for ethnomusicologists, scholars of Scandinavian and European culture, historians, and lay audiences. As Goertzen says, these fiddlers, their large repertoires, and the holdings in archives comprise a diachronic living museum of enormous size. Chris Goertzen has done the English-reading public a great service by producing such a splendid study of this lively folk institution. Works Cited Cowdery, James R. 1990. The Melodic Tradition of Ireland. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. Geertz, Clifford. 1988. Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author, pp. 1-24. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Fiddling for Norway: Revival and Identity, by Chris Goertzen. University of Chicago Press, 1997. ISBN 0-226-30049-8 (cloth), 0-226-30050-1 (paper), notation, bibliography, index, 16 figures, 17 plates, xv, 347 pp. Cloth $57, paper $22.50

Plutonium Discovered more Harmful than Uranium Essay -- Scientific Res

There is no such thing as a â€Å"safe dose† of plutonium. While it was common to think that uranium was the most dangerous element on the periodic table a few decades ago, scientists have now discovered a more lethal element. Plutonium, Pu, element 94 on the periodic table is a transuranic radioactive chemical element; meaning it emits excess energy when it decays. Many previous studies on transuranic elements discovered uranium as the most deadly. Plutonium, recently reviewed by scientists, has also been found to emit alpha radiation, a highly hazardous type which is also emitted by Uranium. It has been concluded that plutonium has a higher radioactivity, hence a faster half-life. What is Radiation? Radiation is excess energy, which travels through space in the form of heat, light, sound, microwaves, radio waves and x-rays. Low radioactive substances can be found everywhere. When much more sophisticated elements are subject to decay, they release many types of radiation; the most common are alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays. Beta particles are negatively charged and small, allowing them to move fast and penetrate up to 2 centimetres of human skin. Gamma rays are high-energy waves, and can travel long distances and penetrate human skin. However, they can be blocked by concrete, led, metal or even water. Both beta and gamma rays are often found in most radioactive materials, while alpha particles appear in much more hazardous elements such as uranium and plutonium. Alpha Particles An alpha particle is a type an ionizing radiation, which emits particles, composed of two protons and two neutrons, without elections; giving it a net positive charge. The radiation is only effective if these alpha particles are e... ... used in fuels and nuclear power plants would not cause such a life-changing event, for those who live adjacent to neighbouring power plants. Only time will tell what the future will hold, but let’s all hope there’s a bright one ahead. Works Cited http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/1222-plutonium-more-dangerous-uranium.html http://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/files/raduranmed.txt http://www.arpansa.gov.au/radiationprotection/basics/alpha.cfm http://orise.orau.gov/reacts/guide/alpha.htm http://www.uraniumsa.org/about/radiation.htm http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/04/03/impact-of-mox-fuel-at-fukushima/ http://www.imagesco.com/articles/geiger/fig1.jpg http://gothamist.com/attachments/nyc_arts_john/041211fukushima.jpg https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidOgOxWvC4JIU0iVB2r6SuA08AJBcudoxVdtNrkDKviz5EXGLwJmkuEiXrxnNvGVDObGf23kxT90yrVygz4sy1GkubEDRPjmQXrA8hrE4kZ7DzwwKbhK2hED5WVs4LOBVx1-ItWQG3FxB5/s1600/reactor_smoke_G_20110323232127.jpg Plutonium Discovered more Harmful than Uranium Essay -- Scientific Res There is no such thing as a â€Å"safe dose† of plutonium. While it was common to think that uranium was the most dangerous element on the periodic table a few decades ago, scientists have now discovered a more lethal element. Plutonium, Pu, element 94 on the periodic table is a transuranic radioactive chemical element; meaning it emits excess energy when it decays. Many previous studies on transuranic elements discovered uranium as the most deadly. Plutonium, recently reviewed by scientists, has also been found to emit alpha radiation, a highly hazardous type which is also emitted by Uranium. It has been concluded that plutonium has a higher radioactivity, hence a faster half-life. What is Radiation? Radiation is excess energy, which travels through space in the form of heat, light, sound, microwaves, radio waves and x-rays. Low radioactive substances can be found everywhere. When much more sophisticated elements are subject to decay, they release many types of radiation; the most common are alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays. Beta particles are negatively charged and small, allowing them to move fast and penetrate up to 2 centimetres of human skin. Gamma rays are high-energy waves, and can travel long distances and penetrate human skin. However, they can be blocked by concrete, led, metal or even water. Both beta and gamma rays are often found in most radioactive materials, while alpha particles appear in much more hazardous elements such as uranium and plutonium. Alpha Particles An alpha particle is a type an ionizing radiation, which emits particles, composed of two protons and two neutrons, without elections; giving it a net positive charge. The radiation is only effective if these alpha particles are e... ... used in fuels and nuclear power plants would not cause such a life-changing event, for those who live adjacent to neighbouring power plants. Only time will tell what the future will hold, but let’s all hope there’s a bright one ahead. Works Cited http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/1222-plutonium-more-dangerous-uranium.html http://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/files/raduranmed.txt http://www.arpansa.gov.au/radiationprotection/basics/alpha.cfm http://orise.orau.gov/reacts/guide/alpha.htm http://www.uraniumsa.org/about/radiation.htm http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/04/03/impact-of-mox-fuel-at-fukushima/ http://www.imagesco.com/articles/geiger/fig1.jpg http://gothamist.com/attachments/nyc_arts_john/041211fukushima.jpg https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidOgOxWvC4JIU0iVB2r6SuA08AJBcudoxVdtNrkDKviz5EXGLwJmkuEiXrxnNvGVDObGf23kxT90yrVygz4sy1GkubEDRPjmQXrA8hrE4kZ7DzwwKbhK2hED5WVs4LOBVx1-ItWQG3FxB5/s1600/reactor_smoke_G_20110323232127.jpg

Domestic Violence in the Lgbt Community

Domestic Violence is fundamentally different in LGBT relationships for numerous reasons. There are many causal and contributory factors that make domestic violence in the LGBT community uniquely different than male-to-female or female-to-male battering. To understand these differences one must recognize domestic violence beyond the stereotypical heterosexual manifestation. According to A Professional Guide to Understanding Gay and Lesbian Domestic Violence, same-sex battering mirrors heterosexual battering, but same-sex victims have fewer resources and are less protected.Seven states define domestic violence in a way that excludes same-gender victims. Making matters worse is the fact that in some states sodomy is still considered a crime which forces a victim to confess to a crime in order to prove a domestic relationship. Many women’s shelters refuse services or safety to same-sex victims. Since same-sex marriage is not legal, many families are not considered â€Å"real fami lies† in the eyes of the law, making it more difficult for these victims to get help. Perhaps one of the most compelling reasons LGBT domestic violence is so different is found in the unique communities of LGBT people.LGBT communities â€Å"provide social forums, rites of passage, rituals for celebration, and bodies of art and literature that combat isolation and allow us to explore our full potentials (Bartlet, 1993). † Because many LGBT people feel shunned and excluded from the American ideal, they have forged their own communities as refuge from the inequalities and persecution of mainstream America. The tools a batterer uses to maintain control, like power and control, cut across all lines of gender identity and sexual orientation, but a batterer’s behavior is always peppered with community influences.Batterers play on their victim’s vulnerabilities and community values to maintain control. The volumes of hate, hostility, and condemnation directed at L GBT people from mainstream America encourage self-loathing and internalized homophobia. It covertly forces isolation and creates a false sense of safety from within the community. And LGBT batterers manipulate those difficult realities to employ highly effective weapons against their partners. So community is a strong contributing factor to domestic violence in the LGBT community.The Frustration-Aggression theory of domestic violence adds another distinction to LGBT domestic violence. In essence, this theory opines that human beings can become violent when their goals are blocked. For gay male and female abusers, this theory is painfully true. Throughout childhood, before sexuality begins to develop, gay youngsters, like everyone else, think about and plan their future selves. They negotiate a life path within the frames of family, community, society, and the culture in which they live.In early adolescence, when sexuality comes to the fore and one’s homosexuality is questione d, those dreams of family and community begin to feel too exclusionary. This can be a time of tremendous stress; the sense of being inherently different and â€Å"bad† can be overwhelming. All the evils about homosexuals one has likely heard in the media and around the family can be internalized, and begin a pattern of self-hate and destruction. All adolescents ask the question, â€Å"Who am I? †, but for the adolescent homosexual it becomes increasingly more difficult to recognize that one is not necessarily growing up to be the person he originally imagined.And the person he is becoming is reduced to villainy by mainstream America. He begins to realize that many of his life goals are blocked, like marriage and basic human rights. Without a strong support system to negotiate and redefine his identity, this can be a traumatic and damaging experience. But family support is often lacking and positive gay role models are scarce. Coming out in adolescence is often a terrif yingly alone experience that can damage the soul and lead to frustration and anxiety that will carry on into future relationships.Coming to terms with second-class citizenship in the families, communities, and society in which he has imagined himself so abundantly different can result in frustration and feed the self-hate that has already started seeping in. And anger develops when certain fundamental goals are blocked. With such rite-of-passage circumstances as these, it is no wonder that domestic violence happens in 39% of gay male relationships (Merrill, pg. 44). A psychological aspect that contributes to the escalation of Domestic Violence in the LGBT community can be associated with the term heterosexism.Many use the term heterosexism to describe an individual who strongly believes in heterosexual relationships. Heterosexual relationships are described as being attracted to the opposite sex and being in intimate contact with only the opposite sex. Heterosexism is used in correl ation to negative attitudes, bias, and discrimination of those who favor same sex relationships. The reason why this term is becoming associated with same-sex relationships that involve domestic violence is due to the use of power and control related to the term heterosexism.The power and control that ensues from heterosexism being used could be easily be described as â€Å"outing the victim in the abusive relationship. † One gathers an idea of the victim’s â€Å"out† status within the individual’s work, friends, and family relationships. Inquiring if the victim has told those he or she cares for about his or her sexual preference usually does this. Knowing this information is beneficial to the abuser because it will allow the abuser to control what the victim will say to the police, or anyone, about any abuse that would exist in the relationship.The contradiction of this term would exist within the abusers identity. The abuser would use the victimâ€℠¢s fear of exposure against that individual as if it would be a bad thing to come out to those who care for and love the victim. The abuser will use ideology related to bigotry slanders, faith, natural law, or popular beliefs as a weapon to keep this victim in the cycle of abuse. Same-sex female domestic violence is an unspoken problem in the lesbian, bisexual, transgender population.Facts about lesbian domestic violence, myths within the population and services are all misconceived reasons why female domestic violence is such a big issue. There is not a lot of data on female same-sex domestic violence. Therefore, most information is taken from heterosexual domestic violence cases and small population samples from the lesbian community such as women’s festivals and lesbian cruises. Within the lesbian, bisexual, transgender community domestic violence is taboo. A fact from the Lesbian Partner Violence Fact Sheet is 17 – 45 % of lesbians have reported being involved in a t least one case of abuse (Rose, 2000).Lesbian victims of abuse are fearful of speaking out for reasons of being judged and pushed out by the lesbian community as a whole. The lesbian, bisexual, transgender communities within a certain area can be small. Unpleasant public allegations ostracize the person and take away community support. Lesbians have few choices of where and how to get help and support, yet the numbers of lesbians affected by domestic violence is about the same as the number of female victims in heterosexual couples (Pattavina, 2007).Types of abuse in female same-sex domestic violence is similar to heterosexual couples, such as hitting, pushing, slapping, disrupting sleep, having sex when one doesn’t want to, and not talking to one another. Behaviors in female same sex domestic violence also include â€Å"jealousy, controlling, becoming involved too quickly, unrealistic expectations, blaming others for their feelings, and hypersensitivity† (rainbowdome sticviolence. itgo. com).A difference is that in a small-knit community, fear of losing support from family and friends isolates and potentially prevents the victim from getting help or even reporting the abuse (Hassaouneh, 2008). But the fear of being â€Å"outted† if that partner is recognized in public, at work, or by the family as being a lesbian is a homophobic fear that hampers the victim in leaving or getting support (Hassouneh, 2008). There is also the isolation within minority groups of lesbians, bisexuals, and transgenders.Lesbians often have less support in terms of cultural, ethnic, and religious background to turn to in time of difficulty, like domestic violence (Pattavina et al. , 2007). Especially in cultures where women are not as valued as much as men, it can lead to feelings of discrimination within one’s own community. There is a myth among the lesbian community that a utopia exists. The myth about â€Å"lesbian utopia† is that women are sensi tive, nurturing, caring, and get along better because of those reasons. Lesbian utopia is just that, a myth. Women do hit, hurt, and violate other women.Another myth about female intimate partner couples is that there is a more masculine â€Å"butch† woman and a more feminine woman in the relationship. That is not always the case. Yet another myth is that the â€Å"butch† or masculine women is the batterer. Again that is not always the case. A big myth is that female same-sex violence is not as dangerous or serious as heterosexual or gay male couple’s domestic violence (Hassouneh 2008). Violence is violence regardless of who perpetrates it. Female intimate partner abuse is under-reported (McClennen and Gunther, 1999).Many lesbians are afraid of losing the only support system they have (Miller et al, 2000). It may be that the perpetrator is their only support system and there is no knowledge of whom or where to turn for help. Then there is the lesbian who does re port and she, the victim, ends up getting arrested (Hassouneh, 2008). The misinformation among law enforcement about how to identify the victim in same-sex domestic violence cases is not always cut and dry (Miller et al. , 2000). There are perpetrators that act as victims.The larger of the two women may get arrested even if she is not the masculine one in appearance. Or the more masculine-appearing woman does get arrested although she may be the victim. There are not always services for women who are lesbian, bisexual, or transgender in the community (Hassouneh, 2008). Either, shelters don’t accept women from the lesbian, bisexual, transgender community or there is no legal standing within the state to substantiate a crime. Many states do not recognize same-sex relationships therefore there are no laws in regards to protection.Many victims in female intimate partner relationships may have experienced violence from a heterosexual relationship in the past. Also â€Å"lesbian i ndividuals are more likely to experience domestic abuse at the hands of their partners than to be exposed to antigay violence perpetrated by strangers† (Pattavina et al. , 2007). A study done by Blaise Fortunata and Carolynn Kohn (2003) of 82 participants, 25 being batterers and 57 non-batterers, states batterers were more likely to have been victims of sexual and/or physical abuse in their childhoods. Also, there was a higher use of drugs and alcohol among batterers.The study suggested some personality traits a batterer would have, such as â€Å"antisocial, aggressive, borderline, paranoid and delusional† (Fortunata and Kohn, 2003). These traits would be seen as lacking in the areas of â€Å"poor boundaries, impulse control, problem solving, affect regulation, along with fear of abandonment, jealousy, low self esteem and an inflated sense of entitlement† (Fortunata and Kohn, 2003). Although Harvey Wallace, the author of the class textbook, would say that there a re not any specific characteristics that would describe an abuser. Wallace then goes n to cite factors by other researchers that backup what was depicted in the Fortunata and Kohn study. Factors or characteristics such as the abuser having â€Å"abuse in the family of origin, low self-esteem, male superiority, authoritarian personality and copes by minimizing the abuse† are Wallace’s (2008) examples. The first step in getting treatment as a victim is to accept that the victim is a victim. Reaching out for help, looking up shelter phone numbers and calling them, or getting a plan together for when the victim needs to get out are some good first steps (rainbowdomesticviolence. itgo. com).Educate the victim in how to create a safety plan by putting personal items such as birth certificate, credit cards, and medications all together so one can leave quickly (rainbowdomesticviolence. itgo. com). Have clothes and hygiene products available in the car or at a friend’s house. Give the victim time to regroup. Her life has been turned upside-down, and the healing process will take a while. When examining homosexual relationships, meaning male-to-male relationships, we see that studies as a whole indicate they have higher rates of promiscuity and violent behavior than heterosexual couples.We must rely on studies for more accurate rates of domestic violence in homosexual couples because much of the abuse is under-reported. Under reporting is due to largely the same reasons we have discussed about why lesbian victims fear asking for help from law enforcement, friends, or family. The American Journal of Public Health has published a detailed study of domestic violence victimization in the homosexual community. It focused on four geological areas, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, and New York. The study resulted in 2,881 complete interviews (Merrill, pg. 23).In these interviews the men answered highly personal questions under strict confidentiality. This was a large groundbreaking study that has been the cornerstone of homosexual domestic violence research. It was revealed that 39% of those studied reported being battered by their spouse at least once in the last five years. This figure was much higher than heterosexual women victimizations at 11. 6% (Merrill, pg. 44). Men infected with the AIDS virus were more at risk for psychological and physical abuse than their HIV negative peers, and were more likely to be victimized in a sexual manner (Merrill, pg. 1). Solid research like this helps to open our eyes to a real problem with homosexual domestic violence, and it needs to be addressed. We need to de-sensitize law enforcement officials and set up more support for homosexual victims and therapy for perpetrators. There is a direct link between high rates of promiscuity and partner violence because cheating is common. Having multiple partners outside of the relationship can dilute the quality of the relationship; furthermore, it blurs boundary lines. Promiscuity commonly leads to jealousy, which in turn leads to emotional and physical abuse (Cruz, pg. 60). The sexual relationships of gay males are plagued with domestic violence, just as lesbian and heterosexual relationships are. There are many similarities and differences when considering the factors that go into domestic violence when looking at gay males versus lesbians and heterosexuals †¦ lets take a look at a few of them. As discussed before, lesbians have a fear of being â€Å"outted† when others are alerted to the abuse happening in their relationships. Gay males who have not fully come out of the closet have this same fear, which may cause them to not report abuse by their spouses.However, HIV rates run much higher in the gay male population than in the lesbian population, and perpetrators have been known to blackmail their victims with the threat of revealing their HIV- positive status (Cruz pg. 164). In terms of law enforcement and ho w it often handles cases of LGBT domestic violence, they stereotypically see the bigger or more masculine partner as the perpetrator, which often times sends the victim to jail. Police are primarily responsible for enforcing domestic violence laws. Legal agencies, in general, are conservative, and many don’t try to conceal their homophobia.This trait begins with the police, and goes up through criminal justice system. The DA’s, judges, and probation officers have their own social biases, which often do not support gay and lesbian victims. This is especially problematic for criminal prosecutors who enforce victim protection orders. The patriarchal nature of our society makes it difficult for law enforcement to enforce domestic violence laws. This heterosexual bias also reflects the resistance of the prosecution and judicial systems to prosecute same-sex offenders. The vagueness of the mandate to law enforcement personnel allows a great deal of discretion on he part of t he individual officer in the disposition of a domestic violence investigation. â€Å"The lack of systematic training on this issue for police officers heightens the idiosyncratic enforcement of laws. The unpredictable nature of the police response represents a significant deterrent to reporting domestic violence among gay/lesbian/bisexual families. This occurs despite the fact that as a matter of policy, preferred arrest policies do exist in many states and localities. These policies suggest that the preferred response to a report of battering is to make the arrest. There are many resources designed to support the LGBT community. Yet, in researching policies of domestic violence issues, one will find one story after another about the fear surrounding reporting these instances to authorities. It appears that these networks provide the majority of support for many issues, and that those in the LGBT community cannot and perhaps, should not report instances of domestic violence to the police. In conclusion, it is important to remember both the similarities and the differences between heterosexual and LGBT domestic violence.Despite the fact that the same dynamics of power and control are evident in both forms, the sexual orientation of the partners, the effects of the battery, and certainly, whether there are ample helping resources should the victim decide to reach out have everything to do with how the perpetrator chooses to maintain that control. It is essential that we recognize domestic violence in all our communities. And it is essential that we build community-specific strategies to end domestic violence in all its forms.

Horror of Holiday

This summer I went to campy with my friends. It was one day and night trip. in that location were near 12 children. We put up our tent near the river to hear river flows and swim. To me generator was extremely nice. But suddenly it rained so heavily. Because of the rain we all got wet and cold. Although we knew there were no branches that didnt wet, we decided to amass branches to make a fire. Also it was acquiring darker. So I climbed the forest with my 5 male friends. The one of them was climbing more than higher and higher.Suddenly he came kill so quickly and utter that a go under of water dropped on his head from tree. He surprised and looked around there was naught except that tree. His face was looked pale and frightened. Because of that we were so timid. However, we started collecting branches. When I sat down to collect few branches, something hit my back. So I asked my friends who was he that threw branch at me? They all said they are non except scarce one fri end of mine who was smiling secretly. So I asked him. He also said Im not. I got goosebumps and almost to cry.But he said I threw only cone of pine at you. That was very relief. When we finished and went back, I was walking in front of them. They called me loudly and made me to pick up walking. They run to me quickly, said there was something female genitals me and following my steps. I was really afraid and began to cry. Suddenly they all comforted and hugged me warmly, and said it was only joke with big smile. Altough they told me it was joke, I couldnt talk anymore about 4 hours. That was the worst holiday in my life Anartsetseg. E

Gender Stereotypes Essay

What are gender stereotypes? They are â€Å"simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals and/or groups. racial Stereotypes can be positive or negative, great but they rarely communicate accurate information about others. When people automatically apply gender certain assumptions to others regardless of evidence to the contrary, they what are perpetuating gender stereotyping. Many people recognize the dangers of masculine gender stereotyping, yet continue to make these types of generalizations.They are second one of the most common in advertising.Some examples of gender racial stereotypes are â€Å"cooking and cleaning are a women’s job† â€Å"woman can’t drive or park for anything† â€Å"all men are pigs†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ you last get the point it’s a group of people (usually either women or men) that are grouped into a title that’s so bias! Ugh I get so mad even talking about it I hate stere otypes! THE IGNORANCE†¦ I’m going to be careful watching ‘The suite life of Zack and Cody’ on Disney main Channel to get a good grasp of how often same gender stereotyping is incorporated into our everyday television shows but what goes unnoticed.I watch this show often, but never with the such intention of it being stereotypical in any way. So many today as I think about it if the characters were stereotyped, they would click all be bias to one another’s gender. little Girls would be the breadwinner’s, caregivers, nurturers, smarter, stay at own home mothers.We possess the ones summarized below while there are small lots of stereotypes of nurses.

Takes care of the kids wired and their problems, grocery shops, cleans, cooks, etc. The father is the breadwinner and is the only one who is bringing in the income to support the family.It’s almost a typical three old school American family. They have 3 children, 2 boys, 1 girl.Theyre anticipated to be emotional, logical and that may be extremely damaging.Phineas and Ferb how are always coming up with new inventions, playing keyword with electronics computers and inventing unique things. Just learning doing things most boys do in the stereotypical way. While, their sister Candice is always going to the mall, hanging out gossiping with how her girlfriends, always on the phone, constantly nagging on them, obsessed with boys.The show is very stereotypical eternal now that I think about it.Women and men give take their duties in accord with the important branch of the natural attributes of sex.

Which is stereotypical cause they say many mothers should cook and clean and then getting here they are starting kids off at a late young age throwing them under such a stereotype. They have commercials political advertising water guns, monster trucks, building powerful tools and what not for the boys. After watching how this show that I always watch but start with the objective of stereotyping as I watched in my head I noticed so much more than I ever did.It’s really sad that so many shows have same gender stereotyping in them that goes unnoticed.Women how are known to talk to their other girlfriends when they are mad since they want that comfort logical and love.Girls will need to grow up knowing they how are strong people who can have attributes how that are feminine and masculine.Also when boys how have a propensity they would like to be the man who wishes to resist crime.

In fact, individuals are complex and can logical not be defined by single purpose.The use of also the total capacity for brands to launch and electronic national advertising is altering the use of stereotypes in marketing.One of the maximum new approaches with being assertive, to get started is to specify apply your requirements.You can trust the essay help on the web.

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